Emergence and Impact of Regional Parties Essay Example for Free

Emergence and Impact of Regional Parties Essay It is raining acronyms in politics and the vibrant Indian political landscape is flooded. Well, almost so as Regional parties gain ground with amazing alacrity in a diverse India where a fast-transforming political map now promises a never before variety. SAD in Punjab on one side, SP, BSP in Uttar Pradesh on the other, RJD, JD(U) in Bihar as also DMK, AIADMK, PMK, MDMK and DMDK in the deep South and TMC, AGP and others in North-East —they seem to be flowing in from all nooks and corners to lend a different hue, their own hue, to the political waters as they flow in our country today. Though the experiment with regional politics first succeeded in the late 1960s when many parties won against the Congress, it was only post-1989 that regional politics really became a phenomenon, here to stay, courtesy the National Parties themselves. The alphabet-soup illustrating the striking transformation of Indias politics over the past two decades, brewed on the fire provided by the space vacated by National Parties to be wedded to the cause of regional issues, local aspirations and territorial priorities. Also, shrinking space of the National Parties led to creation of a vacuum which the Regional parties were happy to fill. They sprung up and marched ahead as a consequence of the leanings of the public to advance its aspirations. Essentially individualistic, personality-driven parties bound by a lose chain of thought rather than a cohesive coordinated ideology, these pandered to regional populism with a much narrower vision of things sans any broad-based National consensus on ideology and issues. But, then, what did the mushrooming of these regional parties, finally, find reflection in? While it strengthened the federal structure with assertion by the States of the Union for its share in power, privileges, taxes, revenues and benefits of micro-macro schemes, it also led to a certain amount of healthy competition inter se states, making us the republic that we really are. It also gave rise to the concept of shared sovereignty, marked by an increase in the capacity of the state to influence its own development performance while enhancing the representative character of India’s democracy. The relentless rise of these regional home-grown parties, sharing the one common attribute of having a mass base in only the state of their birth, led to a spate of constitutional and legislative reforms in terms of judicial, administrative and centre-state relations. Not only this, it weaved together an interplay of forces, prompting National parties to not only rope them in for support but also brought about a dependence which lent a Regional flavor to National Policies. Then, it is in this that emerged the beauty of the dove-tailing of the National and these Regional entities. But, then, since beauty is never blemish-free, there is a flip side too. Given their â€Å"strategic† positioning, the Regional parties have not only exploited this dependence of the National Parties for their own advantage but, at times, even arm-twisted the latter to get their way. There’s a way out of this of labyrinth in which National Parties find themselves lost in and it does not lie in a top-down approach which, in the present times, seems not only inadequate but also outdated. We have an India defined by mobilization of a plethora of identity and interest groups which have taken the shape and form of Regional parties to diffuse real power from the Centre to the states. The National Parties need to wake up and smell the coffee. The crutches of dependence on Regional parties have to go and they have to not only learn to stand on their own feet but even walk that extra mile to fulfill regional aspirations to show that each one of the 28 states matters as much. For this, they must permit regional units to function at the local level as semi-independent units with adequate flexibility for leadership-building at the regional level. This will help balance the regional interest with the National interest which many a times end upconflicting with each other. Besides, a cohesive National party with semiindependent regional strait-jacketed unit to cater to regional interests is the only guarantee for ensuring continuous unification within India’s multi-ethnic diversity which weaves the many strands of region, religion, culture and politics into one social fabric we call India.

Now and Then :: Technology Media Essays

Now and Then Once upon a time, there were friendly places near and far... Boy is that an understatement in today's society! Today's society depends upon fighting for you and you alone. Not caring what the other person wants, needs or deserves. Fifteen years ago a small community, such as the one Jen's grandmother lives in today, was very friendly. Small communities pulled together in times of need. If your neighbor ran out of sugar, she didnt care to come knocking on your door with a measuring cup, instead of going all the way to the store to get more, simply because you were her friend. In todays society, if you run out of sugar, you hop in your car and drive 25 minutes to get 5lb of sugar in order to drive 25 minutes back home. You dont know your neighbors, and your neighbors dont know you. There is no hope in wanting to know them and vice versa. Our society has changed drastically over the past twenty years. We have become an information society. Relying on our televisions, radios, and computers to obtain information that was once obtained by going to the local beauty parlor or stopping for a cup of coffee and chatting with the judge executive of your town. Cell phones have also become a major source of information. Instead of going out and having a nice serene sit on your front porch in the afternoon of a warm day, people would rather sit in front of their television and watch Oprah, Judge Judy, and The John Walsh Show. Could the reason that we dont leave our homes as much as we used to, be because of all the violence that today's society has brought with it? The local news on television has publicized roughly five murders in the past week. All these murders have been in the state. Is the television shaping societys view of the world, causing citizens to become couch potatoes? Television is one of the biggest society shaping effects that there is in todays world. There are various cable companies and numerous channels within each company. The view you take on life all depends on what channel you are going to watch on television. If you watch the presidential debate on one channel, that channel may make Mr. Snuggles, whose platform is terrific, and who is an all out good guy, look like a cruel and evil villain in a bad comic book, while another channel shows his true identity.

Edgar Allan Poe’s Influence on Literature Essay

Edgar Allan Poe’s influence on American literature was nothing short of great; not only was he the creator of the detective story and the horror thriller, but he also influenced many great writers, among those William Faulkner and Fyodor Dostoevsky. While Poe is best known for his horror thrillers, being the creator of that particular genre, he has also fashioned two other literary genres, like the detective and the science fiction genre. Throughout his life, Poe read, reviewed, and critiqued many books for various magazines and papers. Poe did not hesitate to attack what he deemed inferior. â€Å"Is purely too imbecile to merit an extended critique,† he once wrote of a novel. Because of his readiness to attack what he believed to be unworthy, Poe helped set high standards for American literature (Meltzer 64). Poe had an influence on both American and non-American writers, like William Faulkner, and Fyodor Dostoevsky. Faulkner, who is considered to be the South’s most renowned novelist, will be forever linked to Poe. Both writers were fanatically obsessed with what made mankind good and what made it evil. Their writings also dealt with common elements, like narcissistic doubling, vengeance, and violence (Wyatt-Brown). In Faulkner’s The Sound and the Fury, the incestuous relationship between two of the characters, Quentin and Caddy Compson, draws a parallel between Poe’s own incestuous relationship with his first cousin, Virginia (Wyatt-Brown). Fyodor Dostoevsky, a Russian novelist, was also greatly influenced by Poe. Dostoevsky’s novel, Crime and Punishment depicts a man who commits murder and becomes increasingly guilty throughout the novel because of it, until he is finally urged to confess by the woman he loves. The novel’s plot was prefigured in Poe’s A Tell Tale Heart, which portrays a man who commits a murder and is driven insane by the guilt as he hears the heart beating from underneath the floorboards, where he had stored the body. Dostoevsky once declared that Poe: â€Å"almost always takes the most exceptional reality and endows it with such details that the reader is convinced of its possibility, of its reality, when objectively the event or situation is impossible. † (Wyatt-Brown) Dostoevsky’s opinion on the matter relates exceptionally with Poe’s A Tell Tale Heart. One would not believe the story to hold even a semblance of reality, as Poe has infused the short story with the most absurd of details that make it so obviously impossible; however, while reading one becomes entirely immersed in the story that it does not seem so absurd anymore. According to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, writer of the famous detective series, Sherlock Holmes, Edgar Allan Poe is the father of the detective story (Meltzer 83). Doyle was of the opinion that Poe had covered the genre’s limits so completely, that he could not see how his followers could find any fresh ground of their own (83). Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s very own character, Sherlock Holmes, was inspired by C. Auguste Dupin, the detective of the stories who began the detective genre (Binns 114). Among many of Edgar Allan Poe’s writings is The Murders in the Rue Morgue, one of the Dupin stories. This story was the first ever detective story to be printed, which made it the archetype for the modern detective story (Meltzer 83). Although The Murders in the Rue Morgue was the first ever detective story to ever see print, Poe did incorporate new elements into other works that writers of detective fiction still make use of. For example, in The Purloined Letter and Thou Art the Man, Poe introduced post-mortem examinations, ballistic evidence, and the frame-up (104). Many believe Poe had begun the science fiction genre (Binns 114). His first attempt was Hans Pfall, a story in which a man travels to the moon on a revolutionized balloon. Poe included actual facts into his story, mixing it with entirely false scientific â€Å"facts† to make the story believable (Meltzer 64). Poe’s innovations would later expand the modern science fiction genre. His vivid imagination veered off from scientific facts to create believable details to incorporate into his stories. These details anticipated later discoveries in both geography and astronomy (64). Science fiction writers like H. G. Wells and Jules Verne learned a great deal from Poe, which they integrated into their own writings. The belief that Poe began the science fiction genre may also be attributed to Poe’s complicated piece of writing which explained his own view of the universe. Eureka: A Prose Poem was published in March of 1848, and in it, Poe introduced his theory, a mixture of science, theology, and intuition. Poe theorized that: â€Å"God existed before matter. God created the first atoms. They scattered to create the universe. They are all trying to join back together, but when they do, they will be scattered again. † Poe’s theory caused an upset in society, as it was not Christian; however, others believed it to be brilliant, as it showed both insight and clear thought (Binns 100). Poe’s influence has not limited itself on just literature. Alfred Hitchcock, director of classic suspense films like Vertigo and Psycho has stated that Poe was the reason he began directing films (Burlingame 100). And, as Hitchcock has become an influential being himself, with many other directors using elements from his films, Poe has indirectly influenced them as well. Aside from literature and films, Poe’s name and lyrics have been used among many musicians. Thirty Seconds to Mars uses a quote from The Raven: â€Å"Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before. at the end of their video for Hurricane. The quote seems entirely fitting, as the video, which embraces some of Poe’s own elements, like vengeance and violence, is entirely surreal and evokes a sense of fear as they’re being pursued by masked men. However, they fight back, not letting the men take control of them, refusing to become martyrs. Like many of Poe’s writi ngs, the video seems ambiguous, open for many interpretations. Although Poe has long passed away, he still continues to influence today’s society. Writers will continue to use the elements he created in their stories. Film directors will continue to use his stylistic elements to portray a sense of Poe into their films. Musicians will continue to use Poe’s lyrics in their music, as well as use different aspects of his writings in their videos. Not only will Poe continue to influence them, but he will also continue to communicate with people through his works. People will continue to connect with Poe, just like previous generations have, through the themes of his writings, and through the understanding that Poe was just as misunderstood and criticized as the rest of us.

My Dream Of Computer Science Essay - 1112 Words

MAGNUM OPUS Billions of men and women have trodden the earth and passed by it to the after-life with a view that the earth was no more than a passage. They kept to traditions religiously, lived for themselves, maintained the status quo, and only dared to breath in and out. They read about great works of men before and what that could mean in the future. But they never found it necessary or a worthwhile venture to travel into the unknown. However, there are a handful of men and women the earth would ever be grateful to. They risked all and travelled far away from their comfort zone to bring us into where we are now. Amongst such people is my beloved Steve Jobs of blessed memory. Steve Jobs 2005 Stanford Commencement Address is the reason I decided to chase my dream of studying computer science in a bid to implement positive changes especially in the educational sector, starting from Africa to the rest of the world. I don’t want people to truncate their studies for any reason because I did when my dad died and the scars are there. I have the video of that speech always with me and do ask myself same question Stevie used to ask himself when I want to make a decision;† What would you do if today were your last on earth?† He also taught me how to see something positive in every seemingly bad situation just like he did when he got fired from Apple he co-founded but later on excelled and came back, anyway. He taught me how to deal with loses as I have had great ones in my lifeShow MoreRelatedComputers Way Before Computer Science1161 Words   |  5 Pagesstudying computers way before computer science was introduced in the curriculum when I was in 5th-grade, years ago. I was the youngest among my sister and cousins. My elder sister, one of my cousins, and my uncle were the first ones in our family to be able to know about computers, as my uncle was using one for his work and my elder sister and cousin were studying computer science. For me, it was an entertainment tool like television, which I get to play with as a reward for completing my homeworkRead MoreMore Specifically, I Am Very Interested In Increasing Female762 Words   |  4 PagesI am very interested in increasing female enrollment in STEM in my college due to the low enrollment in computer science and engineering classes. There are a significantly lower number of female community college students enrolled in the STEM field, especially in the areas of computer science, engineering, and technology. Per the US Census Bureau statistics, women comprise 48% of the total workforce but only make up 27% of computer workers, 24 % of STEM, and only 13% of engineers. This implies thatRead MoreLetter About My Dream Job798 Words   |  4 Pagesa letter. Your dream job requires expertise in certain skills. What do you think those are and how improve? A Letter of Dream Respected Ma am, First of all, I want to thank you for giving me an opportunity to prove myself and to serve this company. Right now, I am about to complete my masters in computer science. Since childhood, I have had a deep interest in Computers. There is a story behind this. I was born in the 90 s. And at that time Computers were very rare in my country. I saw aRead MoreEssay on English composition Task1848 Words   |  4 Pages My literacy skills helped me achieve a personal goal which is to work as a computer engineer for a multinational information technology organization like Hewlett Packard, Dell, Microsoft etc., One has to be fluent in English and technically competent in order to get through the interview and also to succeed at work. English is needed in every aspect of today’s modern world to communicate with people at work irrespective of their origin. Since my teenage I wantedRead MoreMy View Of Computer Science Essay1371 Words   |  6 PagesExperiencing childhood in a small town of India, owning a computer was only a fantasy. I used to peek through the computer lab at school to have a glimpse of computers. I remember the day as if it were yesterday when computer science was incorporated into the course curriculum. Playing a game or using a computer was nothing but a dream for me, so I immediately enrolled for this class. Throughout the course not just I get the opportunity to play games, I was instructed how to code.. The coding ofRead MoreI Want to Pursue My Masters Degree1630 Words   |  6 Pageswork a day in your life† – Confucius is a motto that I live by, . Since I was an infant I have been fascinated by art and colors, my mom would always brag about how I was just 8 months old and would grab anything colorful and start painting with it. I would spend most of my time drawing anything around me or tracing cartoon characters from comic books. Parrallely, my enthusiasm with animations and motion pictures awaited till date. As I grew older and started learning math in school, I grew fondRead MoreMy Major At Nicholls State University1715 Words   |  7 PagesSELF – EXPLORATION My major at Nicholls State University is Mathematics with a concentration in Computer Science; however, I plan to transfer to University of Louisiana at Lafayette to pursue a degree in Physics. The process in which one would solve a problem has always appealed to me. In math, specifically calculus, derivatives tell me how the original function acts and integrals tell me the relevance of the original function to the x – axis. Using a simple formula to find the answer to a seeminglyRead MoreEssay on Personal Statement817 Words   |  4 PagesEver since my childhood, I have found the topics dealing with computers and its applications highly interesting because of the unique properties they offer for almost any application we can think of. The extraordinary developments in this field, both in the hardware and in the software area, along with the rapid advances of communication technology as one of the most applied technologies in the modern world have stimulated my interest in b oth fields. Therefore I believe that joining the undergraduateRead MoreSample Statement of Purpose1009 Words   |  5 Pagesprogram in Computer  Science and Engineering at CVR College of Engineering affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (Hyderabad). I use this opportunity to elucidate my career  objectives and give in quintessence of my educational background. My Educational Background and academic achievements: Since my school days, I have been interested in Mathematics and physical sciences. My scholastic record has been meritorious right through school and higher  secondary education. With my propensityRead MoreMy Dream Life In High School710 Words   |  3 Pageswas because my mom told me to, and so, I tried my best in every class. When people asked me what I wanted to go to college for, I struggled to give them an answer. However, after my years in highschool, I now know what I want to do in the future. Generally, people pick classes that would help them learn skills that they could apply to their dream job in the future. However, I picked classes that would fit most college criterias such as a world language and the core subjects. For my remaining electives

U.s. Health Care System Essay - 1834 Words

When I received a suggestion from the editor of a magazine to write an article about U.S. health-care system, this legendary opening line from Tolstoy’s novel, Anna Karenina, popped into my head. If countries were families judging each other’s health-care systems, none is truly happy. But U.S. arguably stands out by far as the unhappiest of all, and in its own way. These fast, eye-popping figures below can readily be used to support the above argument. Be mindful of the figures that can vary from different official statistics, but it’s the trends in development that may offer more insights than anything else. i. U.S. spending on health care has reached $3.0 trillion or $9,523 per person. And it accounted for 18.2 % of GDP based on the Altarum Institute April 2015 figure, compared to OECD countries average at 9%. ii. However, Life expectancy, measured by total population at birth for U.S., is at 78.8 years vs. OECD average 80.6 years according to the latest 2014 OECD official data. iii. 33 million people, or 10.4 percent of the American population, are uninsured (2014 figure from the Current Population Survey (CPS), the Census, Sept 16, 2015). iv. The United States has 5% of the world’s population and consumes 75% of the world’s prescription drugs, according to World Drug Report 2011. v. Most of all, if you haven’t heard, â€Å"unhappy wife equals unhappy life†, nearly one in four women ages 50 to 64 were found to be on an antidepressant (CBS NEWS June 20, 2013, Study).Show MoreRelatedU.s. Health Care System1329 Words   |  6 PagesContrast U.S. Healthcare Policy Compare and Contrast U.S. Healthcare Policy Shaquita Jefferson MHA 620 Dr. Rhonda C. Hatfield August 10, 2015 The Canadian system is often considered the model for the U.S. health care system. Both countries health care systems are very different-Canada has a single-payer, mostly publicly-funded system, while the U.S. has a multi-payer, profoundly private system but both countries appear to be similar and suggesting that it might be possible that the U.S. toRead MoreU.s. Health Care System1233 Words   |  5 PagesThe U.S. health care system is perhaps one of the most complex and plastic industries present within the current world economy. With a projected market sector value of $3,455.1 billion by the end of 2016 the U.S. health care providers market represents a significant portion of the economy (â€Å"Research and Markets; Healthcare Providers in the United States,† 2012). For someone that finds themselves in the position of management it is certainly an orthodox presumption that they incorporate into theirRead MoreU.s. Health Care System1696 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"fixâ₠¬  the U.S. health care system that is supposedly the best in the world? At the time of this program, the U.S. was 37th in the world in terms of fairness and quality (Palfreman, 2008). Other rich countries were ahead of this U.S. in this ranking but were spending a lot less. Frontline’s reporter, T.R. Reid traveled to 5 different countries to examine their health care systems on how this was possible and hopefully come away with any ideas that could potentially help with the U.S. health care systemRead MoreU.s. Health Care System1539 Words   |  7 Pages The U.S. health care system faces challenges that indicate that the people urgently need to be reform. Attention has rightly focused on the approximately 46 million Americans who are uninsured, and on the many insured Americans who face rapid increases in premiums and out-of-pocket costs. As Congress and the Obama administration consider ways to invest new funds to reduce the number of Americans without insurance coverage, we must simultaneously address shortfalls in the quality and efficiency ofRead MoreU.s. Health Care System Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pages1. What is the real and perceived performance of the U.S. health care system? Are the views different among patients, providers, payers, and policy makers? Why or why not? According to Kovner and Knickman (2011), acutely ill patients within the country may hold a positive view of the country’s healthcare system, as the U.S. is scientifically and technology advanced in treating life-threatening injuries and illnesses. Overall quality of healthcare performance, however, is lacking (Kovner Read MoreU.s. Health Care System Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe U.S. health care system is way more complex than what meets the eye. A major difference between the health care system in the U.S. and other nations, is that the U.S. does not have universal health care. Lack of a universal health care opens up the doors for competition amongst insurance, physicians, technology, hospitals and outpatient services. Health care insurance in the U.S. is extremely competitive and not always fair. Recently in 2012, The Affordable Care Act passed by Barack Obama setRead MoreU.s. Health Care System2431 Words   |  10 PagesU.S. Healthcare System On March 23, 2010, the President Obama signed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) which represents the most significant regulatory that impacts the U.S. healthcare systems. With PPACA, 32 millions of Americans are expected the coverage and expanded access to health care and medical care. Due to the baby boomers and the downfall of the economics, there will be millions of people are seeking for low rates medical care which will create great impact on URead MoreU.s. Health Care System1142 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction U.S. Health Care System Health care systems are organizations that are formed to meet the overall health needs of the population. Health care is regarded as one of the leading cause in promoting not only physical and mental health but the well-being of the population. Legislation is implemented requiring government to offer services to all members of its society. The role of health services and the organizations that provide aid is to focus on the health of an individual and to upholdRead MoreThe U.s. Health Care System886 Words   |  4 PagesThe U.S. Health Care System is very unique; it is mostly based on cultural, social and economic factors. Within the system exists various subsystems of several interrelated and interdependent components. During the process of birthing a Health Care Delivery System, the ultimate goal is to provide a cost effective universal access to all in need. When it comes to the U.S. Health Care Delivery System, compare to other developed countries that are under National Healt h Insurance programs; the U.S. althoughRead MoreU.s. Health Care System1439 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. health care system consumes a huge amount of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product, and is a massive system that provides essential and world-class care to millions of people (Niles, 2016). As a result of this huge burden of cost associated with it, the U.S. healthcare system has been critiqued, and has played a major role in sparking debates about changes to the way the U.S. healthcare system is run and organized. Thus, healthcare has been on the forefront of many American and politician minds

Evaluation Of The Colloquium Group - 828 Words

Evaluation of the Colloquium We are finally at the of the school year never thought I was going to be a this level today I can say that I am very happy with the success that we have made during the colloquium group. As a group I was able to notice the positive change and the growth of some members including myself. I was able to learn a lot about me and to be more alert on my strength and weakness of my personality. Each week we discussed different topics such as Affective Development skills, Group Development, The practice of group work, Maintaining Professional boundaries in Interpersonal Work, Managing Resistant clients, Group Dynamic etc. Through every group discussion I was able to learn from the facilitator and the member of the group since there was always an opportunity to learn and to received. There were always an opportunity to participate and to share our point of view. Dr. Colon was a great facilitator and challenges us to think deeper in each topic. It was not easy to lead a group when everybody had their own ideas and way to do thinks. I remembered when I started in September 2015, I registered as late student not sure at the time if I was making a good decision and if I was going to make I have a lot of dough, but Dr. Colon opened the door for me to reach my goal and today I will need to thank her for her teaching and for sharing her knowledge with us. It was a challenge for me to start my master degree since I was out of school for moreShow MoreRelated The Value Of Performance-Related Pay Essay1626 Words   |  7 PagesPerformance related pay is a financial reward given to employees whose work is c onsidered to have reached a required standard or is above average. â€Å"PRP criteria can relate to the individual employee, to work groups or to the organization as a whole† (Armstrong, 2002). It is fair to provide people with financial rewards as a means of paying them according to their contribution (Armstrong 1993:86). The primary purpose of performance related pay in any organization is to recruit, retain and motivateRead MoreForensic Science in the 21st Century1765 Words   |  8 Pagesexhaustively to spawning investigative clues and directing, testing, and redirecting investigative lines. In this function, forensic science adds to the assembly of timely and applicable investigative and intelligence information on terrorist groups and clandestine cells. Additionally, this warrants enhanced and specialized forensic analysis, information sharing, and traditional forensic science tools. These innovative tools are being created predominantly by the United States’ defense andRead MoreQuestions On Strategic Technology Planning2760 Words   |  12 Pageswas developed by Dr. Robert Kaplan and David Norton. It was initially introduced as a tool for multidimensional performance management. But over the years it has evolved into a framework for strategic planning and management. It is a performance evaluation framework which augments the performance measures related to the non-financial aspects to traditional financial metrics to give executives. Thus companies can monitor the financial aspects while simultaneously keeping in check the progress on capabilitiesRead MoreAb0603 – Business Gone Green Ethical Reasoning Assignment2432 Words   |  10 PagesDr. Josephine Lang | Seminar Group: 01 Word Count: 1095 | Briefly lay out, in bulleted-form in the space provided within this page (i.e., do not elaborate), the content of your write-up in addressing the various criteria in the ethical reasoning rubric. | Criteria | Your points | 1. Specify the ethical issue identified | * Edited women from their Saudi Arabia’s catalogue * Goes against Ikea Group and Sweden’s values * ReflectsRead MoreSrs - Course Management Systems3644 Words   |  15 Pagesthe following information - ï‚ § Subject Related – Subjects in a term, Groups formed, Details of assignments, Score sheets, Information on overall performances, comparisons and its graphical representations ï‚ § Course Time Table – schedule for the term, updates on unscheduled classes, colloquiums and workshops ï‚ § Student’s Attendance - keeps track of the individual student’s attendance for each subject ï‚ § Student’s Performance Evaluation – Individual grade for each subject, aggregate grades, comparison ofRead MoreLogistics Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting A closer look at involvement of UPS, FedEx and DHL on Sustainable Development issues2979 Words   |  12 PagesThe logistics industry has received globally, a lot of publicity regarding the industrys attitudes on, and actions in, corporate responsibility issues. The different stakeholder groups are interested in the logistics industrys ways of action concerning these issues. The logistics industry has had to react to these new kinds of demands and questions from the stakeholders. The aim of this paper is to present the current situation on the logistics industrys level of activity on CSR, through investigatingRead MoreThesis on Hiv5798 Words   |  24 PagesPena, Divine Grace M. Hifarva, Shield Lyn B. Malano, Francis T. Montehermoso, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degr ee of Bachelor of Science in Nursing, has been examined and is recommended for acceptance and approval for Title Colloquium. Lerma B. Malubag RN, MAN Adviser THESIS REVIEW PANEL Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of ____________. LERMA B. MALUBAG, RN, MAN MARY ANN L. GAN, RN, MAN Member Member FRANCISCO B. SOSA Jr., RN, MANRead MoreImproving the Lives of HIV Positive People7695 Words   |  31 PagesUNDERGRADUATE/ GRADUATE UPDATE YES The purpose of the Presidential Internship Program is to improve the diversity profile of the American Red Cross staff and provide qualified candidates for future positions. By providing paid internships to a diverse group of undergraduate and graduate students in key professional areas, the American Red Cross Internship Program can serve as the first step in developing lifelong associations between students and the American Red Cross, and the organization’s employeeRead MoreCultural Comparisons of India and China5411 Words   |  22 Pagescultural values, attitudes and behaviours on business and management styles (Hofstede, 1980; Laurent, 1986; Trompenaars amp; Hampden-Turner, 1997). At the same time, the movement of people across national borders and the preservation of particular groups with specific idiosyncratic customs, together with differences in social and economic experiences, highlights that subcultures can coexist in many countries. 4. However in this study of Chinese and Indian culture, my focus will be limited to theRead MoreAspects of Economic Reforms in the Nigerian Fourth Republic5141 Words   |  21 Pagesdubbed SEEDS - State Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) and local governments (LEEDS - Local Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy), and provided for certain level of stakeholder participation in its formulation and monitoring/evaluation process. However, whether NEEDS constituted an effective poverty reduction framework remain contestable. The strategy was situated within the economic deregulation / liberalization policy of the government. Experience in Nigeria has shown

Role of Magistrates free essay sample

This essay will discuss the role of the magistrate and jury in the English and Welsh legal decision-making process. It will assess both the advantages and disadvantages of both mechanisms and give an opinion on the contribution they make in the process. The role of a lay magistrate is one that is at the core of the legal system in England amp; Wales. They help maintain the foundation of the criminal justice system and deal with approximately 98% of all criminal matters. The sheer volume of cases that they deal with has helped earned them the title of the workhorses of the criminal justice system. A magistrate forms part of the judiciary however they are unique in the sense that they do not get paid. Even though magistrates do not get paid it is crucial that they are of good standing in the community to ensure an element of respect and a comprehension of what is right and wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Magistrates or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Lord Chancellor is tasked with the role of appointing magistrates on the advice of a local advisory committee. These committees are made up of existing magistrates and people in the prospective magistrates’ local area. It is seen as important to draw magistrates from local areas to be representative of the local community. Once appointed they are expected to sit for a minimum of 26 half days per year but it is frowned upon to do any more than 1 sitting per week for fear of ‘case hardening’. To start with all magistrates sit in the adult court but after gaining experience they may choose to apply to sit in the youth court or family proceedings court, and if successful undertake specialised training. Magistrates’ courts consist of a ‘bench’ of three magistrates with one who has been trained to take the chair. They are provided with training but it is not necessary to have any legal qualifications before becoming appointed as a magistrate. Due to the lack of legal expertise the bench benefits from the use of a court clerk who is required to have legal qualifications before taking the post. The clerk’s role is strictly advisory and they are not permitted to give their opinion toward guilt or innocence of the defendant. If someone is charged with a crime they will first go to a magistrates’ court. The magistrate must determine whether the offence is indictable, summary or triable either way. The category of offence brings with it different levels of punishment. A magistrate has limited sentencing power and can only impose fines of up to ? ,000 for private individuals or ? 20,000 if a business is involved, community service and prison sentences of up to 6months if for one offence, extended to 12months if for more than one offence. The sentencing power of the magistrate means that they have the authority to deal with only summary offences and triable either way offences. Indictable offences are offences which are more serious in nature such as rape and murder and therefore require harsher sentencing. These cases would be sent to the Crown Court. Magistrates mainly deal with summary offences of which there are hundreds. If an offence is deemed to be triable either way the defendant is given the choice as to whether they want to be tried by the magistrates or at crown court which utilises a jury to decide upon guilt or innocence. As with any system the magistrate comes with its advantages and disadvantages. To assess its advantages, disadvantages can be equally juxtaposed alongside it. One major advantage of the magistrate, particularly in today’s current economic climate, is that the position is voluntary and therefore unpaid. The saving would equate to millions of pounds to the economy every year. The downfall to this may be that a magistrate may also have to maintain another career alongside in order to make a living. A criticism of this could mean that a magistrate is not entirely dedicated to the calling. The voluntary aspect of the position may also account for the reasoning as to why legal qualifications are not a necessity. Even though they magistracy do benefit from basic training they do not have a legal expertise as such, however a court clerk who does hold legal qualifications can be used to counteract this criticism. The aforementioned lack of legal expertise was felt and cased in ‘The Magistrates Tale’ where T, Grove recounts from personal experience that even after 80 sittings he still felt like a novice. T Grove is an ardent cheerleader for the use of magistrates and his passages reflect that as a magistrate is drawn from the local community there is a sense that people are being judged by their peers. John Humphreys shares this opinion and has been cited as stating that ‘if the people sitting up the on the bench are people like us†¦.. hen we may be more likely to feel that we have been fairly judged’. Not all aspects of society share this opinion; anecdotal evidence shows that defendants show mistrust in the magistracy as when faced with the option to be tried by the magistrate or a jury a favour is shown toward the jury. This mistrust can be based on the impression of the magistrate by the common man. Even though it is desired that the magistrate represent a cr oss section of society the majority of magistrates are middle aged, middle class, white men. The mistrust however could also be down to a misplaced view that magistrates begin to become sceptical of lines of defence, that they start to recognises defendants traits and in turn show bias to similar defendants, they become ‘case hardened’. However this can be counteracted with the fact that a magistrate is limited to the amount of sittings they have per week which has been created in part to prevent such case hardening and biases are restricted due to the utilisation of a bench of 3 magistrates. The legal decision making system of England amp; Wales also utilises a jury. A jury is used when a case it out of the magistrates jurisdiction. Juries are an integral part of the legal system, a mechanism that is envied around the world to cite just one opinion, that of Dr Burkhard Schafer, professor at the University of Edinburgh. The modern jury’s role is to make decision of guilt or innocence of a defendant in court (or liability of a defendant in civil matters). A jury consists of 12 members of the public, chosen at random from the areas surrounding the court. They are expected be impartial and make decisions based on evidence brought before them, although on rare occasions the jury has gone against evidence and made a decision based on what they thought was morally right, as cased in the acquittal of Clive Ponting in 1985. In the past they have been seen to be treated unfairly as shown in Bushell’s Case (1670) Vaugh 135: Freem KB1 however as society has developed more importance has been placed on the allowance of fair and lengthy deliberation as cased in R v McKenna [1960] 1 QB 411 ‘a jury shall deliberate in complete freedom’. The judge gives the direction to the jury on the relevant law, which the jury has to apply to the facts of the case in order to reach a verdict. If it is a criminal case and the jury has given a verdict of guilty, then the judge will decide on appropriate sentence. In civil cases, juries function is to decide on how much money should be awarded in damages. The utilisation of a jury has been borne out of the democratic nature of English and Welsh society and epitomises the right for a fair trial by one’s peers. The Bill of Rights 1689 states that it is an ancient liberty to have a jury and the mechanism dates as far back as the Magna Carta. The jury has been interpreted as also having a political role as they stand in the face of oppressive rule. In a sense it plays a vital role in ensuring that the criminal justice system works for the benefit of the public rather than for the benefit of unjust leaders. Their role is important in the legal system as the ethos of justice in the country is to be tried by one’s peers. As established by Lord Hewart CJ in R V Sussex ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256, It is deemed important that ‘justice should not only be done but†¦. seen to be done’. The system must be opaque to ordinary members of society and allow the public to have a voice in the workings of the law. Even though the system is cherished and importance has been placed on the protection of there has been continued pressure for the need for jury reform. This has proven to be a difficult task to accomplish because of the ideals at the heart of the British justice system. The envied system of lay justice is precious and any suggestions for reform may be seen to endanger its workings. As with the magistracy there are both advantages and disadvantages that come with the utilisation of a jury. One advantage that lies at the heart of its use is that it is participatory lay justice. Both the public and executive alike want to maintain the open system of justice and allow the ordinary man to be involved. This goes a long way in trying to maintain public confidence in a system where otherwise they would have no voice. The unfortunate downside of choosing members of the public is that they may have limited legal understanding and often find it hard to under complex information. The lack of understanding, particularly in complex fraud trials has led to calls for reform by bodies such as the Roskill Commission in 1986 which called for the abolition of the jury in such cases. Another advantage lies in the secrecy of the jury room. Jurors are protected from outside pressure and are not permitted to discuss the case with anyone outside of the jury room. These rules have been set out in both the Contempt of Court Act 1981 and Juries Act 1971. A jury simply decides on a guilty or innocent verdict and their reasoning for the decision is never disclosed. Even though the system is designed to be opaque a criticism of the jury’s non-disclosure of reasoning may counteract the need for transparency in the system. It also goes against the philosophy of the Human Rights Act 1998 as the defendant may not understand why he has been found guilty. This is another area of the jury where reform has been called for from bodies such as the Runciman Commission where its report recommended research into the decisions of the jury. In summary this essay has reflected the importance of lay justice in the English amp; Welsh legal system, a system that is envied throughout the world. Both the magistrate and juror facilitate this lay justice perfectly. The contribution both parties make could be considered to be the most important decision of the entire legal decision-making process. It is important as the liberty and freedom of a defendant depends on the conclusion that lay people make. As stated 98% of criminal matters are decided upon by lay magistrates and those decisions that are out of their remit are decided upon by the jury. Although there will inevitably be opposition to the utilisation of these systems the Government takes an active role in ensuring that measures in places to try and reform the structures into modern and effective mechanisms. The progress may be slow but as it is a cherished system the need for protection is strong.