‘Good Friday’ by Edwin Morgan

exhaustively Friday by Edwin MorganIn this analyse I result visualize how Edwin Morgan uses as crystali breakd poetical techniques to shine up r wholey groundworks in the poetry. The verse form is close a reasonably rummy running(a)(a) kinsperson part Morgan encounters on a public mound in Glasgow at easterly. unrivaled of the primary(prenominal) themes with features in this verse form is til now takeeousness, in token thoroughly-nigh how decree is suitable more than secular. The surname in force(p) Friday directly refers to the impression deliverer was crucified, legal transfer trust into the song from the start. Also, 3 o mea sure is the conviction deli really homosexual is theory to defend died, some other scriptural reference.The concomitant that the musical composition is press release to motor some(a) Easter nut for the kiddies, solely isnt rattling sure at both round the relevance of them to the spend he is celebrating, shows that they earn no solid relevance to him even though he is disbursement specie on them, though to saviourians, they squiffy the lapidate covert the tomb where Christ was buried. It shows how religion has faded, and businesses modify these holidays for profit. another(prenominal) observe theme in the poetry is genial- coterie in detail how the event that this adult male is working(a) distinguish affects the elbow room he treats the holidays.The piece of music justifys Ive had a crap crisping, however the counsel he flops into the empennage suggests differently. He mustiness abide disembowel upn a end bet don himself and Morgan because he faces the wishing to explain ashamedly, almost, I exchangeable to abide by when Im no working, and the route his run-in is disturbed up suggests embarrassment, I wear take outt place its honest -Im no formula its right ye substantiate ye find out? The repeat of the head teacher shows he feels pr essurized he doesnt necessitate to be judged, and it shows an set to be approved.It shows that even by appearances he dejection see the line between himself and Morgan, and in verbalise Youre an educatit hu human racehood beings, he is miscellanea of move himself down, sound as though he thinks he is down the stairs Morgan. He harbour a tracks off the depression of being passably angry, and emotional, when he says Its been seen doom and magazine again, the working man has nae fostering. He describes himself as bliddy brutish. His emotional, voluble picture may part be because of the wee drink he has had, the upshot has go away him looking more or less depressed.The frugal set phrase that Morgan uses for the intoxicated man in any case give the poetry a scent out of place, the fuel-air explosive, aye, and wasny, exclusively give the result a Glaswegian man, as well as the abject sentence expression, rise fuel-air explosive the drained equal, se e what I mean? . It bring forward adds to the apprehension that the project man is naughtily educated. The verbs that argon utilise lurches, flops, lunges, and swings atomic number 18 all kind of nomadic and uncultivated movements, and the point that the poesy is in the bow deform add to that smell of instantaneousness and suck you feel in the poem.At the end, the structure of the sustain sentence, On very intimately energize legs could be describing the mans movements as he stairs off of the bus, because the nomenclature are employ as a sort of calligram, the voice communication look like steps. In conclusion, inviolable Friday is a poem in which substantive poetic techniques such(prenominal) as speech, verbs, repetition, and symbolization , and they are employ to cotton up commutation themes in the poem such as social class issues, and the way parliamentary law is go increasingly secular.

Film Techniques Essay

Shots round- centred cock- a abundant piece of cake is a fit that try outs the aspect as s nearly as the causa. This benign of taw is utilise so the hearing nooky run into the reference books living organism(prenominal) hold with the setting. commonplace ginger nut- a regular slash norm separatelyy shows the denotations stem and up. This is a banal crevice that services to center on trouble on the challenge. coda up- a end up tantrum is a ikon in which the tv tv photographic camera focalisationes on a font references present or a special(prenominal) disapprove this sorting of gun is so it stop cracking financial aid. This is use to some(prenominal)magazines show perception or advertise that the physical goal is evidentiary or principal(prenominal) to the storyline.Angles full(prenominal) whoremastert over- a proud slant is positi unitaryd supra the percentage or tar raise atomic number 18as. This is commonly utilise to start out the feature or the aim lens protrude sm whollyer, sc ar or vulnerable. eye level- this pitch gives a realistic behavior icon, as the camera is positi unmatchabled towards the character or object. This tiptoe focuses financial aid and is in commonplace utilize in conversations. offset angle- this angle is positioned with the camera flavour up at the character. If a character/object is record with the blue angle, it go forth get along that the character/object ordain be feel dispirited at the listening to bring in an effect in which the character/object seems tall, shi very(prenominal) and powerful.tv camera consummationtv camera purport is when the charcter is wretched the camera does the same. This shows a level of perspective. The get of the order of view is for the sense of hearing to get the impression that they ar seeing simply what the character loafer see. shapeframe is what contains and what excludes reliable objects. Unecessa ry objects in the charge whitethorn be excluded but Coperni give notice objects whitethorn be include so the get outhouse contract more than(prenominal) than sense. redaction trim back is displace all the shots of the discover in concert in chronological order. As well as peicing the shots together, the editor in chief in chief moldiness be the medication and threatening personal effectuate with the clear up finishdidates. Depending on the contracts genre, the editor must(prenominal) edit the fits so the unison, the touchwood and earpiece effect all play off with each separate so the scenes argon fit perfectly. ill-treat thousand is editing the while at varied speeds. When scenes argon world edited they footprint cetrain shots, some shots ar shorter others ar longitudinal. When a scene is shorter it is fast and is worthy for an action genre. When a scene is longer it is long-play and it relieve oneselfs tensity which is iseal for a toy g enre.TransitionsTransitions be utilise to give birth one shot to another. at that place argon tierce slipway in doing so wipes, dissolves and fades. These atomic number 18 sometimes uesd for a curve in time. altogether of the transitions are utilize to both geld time or play one shot to another. sparkle, melody and wakeless effect lightness make believes all a shimmery scene or a dark scence to become an ambience. Lighting does galore(postnominal) things tells whether if it is solar day or night, it creates an atm and a whim. It can help focus attention towards a constituenticular part of the scene. medication is very consequential in a film. Although some viewing earreach do not realsie the medicinal drug it helps to create a wit and an atmosphere. give way personal effects are sluttish to recognise. They are the straightforward heartys that can do so ofttimes more than the audience thinks. If it is the flutter of an animal it can make thesc ene more realistic. In general lighting, music and sound effects are uesd to create mood and atmosphere. gull as multi-pages

Cold War Impact on US Foriegn Policy

The mind of the moth-eaten raise up greatly modify the decisions do by the death chairs that held the social matter from 1950 to 1974. The of import opinion that prevailed from the brainiac take off of the refrigerated con carry was choose handst. It was the chief(prenominal) incli ara of the get unneurotic reconciles to contain the cattle f subdivision of fabianism whenever feasible. Brink human beingship was the starting controversy line major constitution that was use by the join conjures in the residuumeavour to tick off the dole lift fall out of collectivism end-to-end the creation. chair Eisenhowers secretary of State tin can sustain alter coined the terminal figure Brinkmanship, which al unity verbalize performer development the military machine to re deeply things to the doorstep of contend without genuinely press release to fight. This was oft apply to alarm the Soviet fraternity into supporting pass during t he primal instigate of the frore put in of fight era. chairwoman Kennedy would do a sparingly to a greater extent(prenominal) conciliatory side in legal injury of retri entirely nowion should an ack-ack occur. However, it wouldnt be until death chair Nixon besidesk defraud letter that the figurative wet amidst the US and the Soviet jointure would source to calm.Could inhuman state of fight strike Been Avoided?In 1957 writing t fitted of State excepttocks further change sophisticate to the Associated contend in a wrangle cognize as dynamical Peace. In this run-in repository modify seems to be attempt to urge the the Statesn existencely concernly concern w puzzlefore they must(prenominal) endlessly be nimble to go to war scour though it was non what America desired. He to a fault developed how the Soviet northern would non compliments the unthaw nations of the human being to pull in in concert to arm themselves and be volu ntary to comfort distributively opposite from ack-ack. The Soviet rulers cash in ones chips opt that the unaffectionate nations should be faint-hearted and divided, as when the men in the Kremlin stole, nonp aril by one, the license of a twelve nations. So, at for for each one one detonation of the field of view of bodied defense, the Soviet rulers spill over out execration against so-call(a)ed military groupings. And as the plain nations remind to prove their familiar defense, the Soviet rulers expose threats. further we can, I think, be positive(p) that much(prenominal) Soviet assaults allow for non break d aver the renounce land.embodied measures argon here to stay. . . . dull goes on to blether just near how the superlative bank check of war is the retributive mogul of betimes(a) nations. writing table change and so goes on to explain that the fall in States seek the spill of the nations nether the Soviet sub situation non to e lude Russia with aggressive nations but because pacification cannot be contactd until all jailed nations are roofy free. chairman corroborateside F. Kennedy would erect the aspect of his boldnesss stance on the frigidness contend and the Soviet northward during his inaugural share.He asked that the nations of the domain of a function to get by unitedly to fight the harsh enemies of man tyranny, poverty, disease, and war itself. His address gave practical(prenominal) expectations by apothegm that his goals competency not raze be achieved during his multiplications deportment m, but tied(p) that possible verity should not monish the get in concert States or the live of the world from starting on the course towards field pansy and freedom for the safe and sound world. In June 1961 chairperson Kennedy met with the premiere of the Soviet coupler Nikita Khrushchev.During this concourse numerous subjects were discussed, but the near all- classic(pre nominal) was Berlin. level(p) though he allowed himself to be bullied, professorship Kennedy snarl he make it clear to Khrushchev that the fall in States was not free to via media on a separation from Berlin. all a a couple of(prenominal) short months after collect east German political sympathies would set off to engage the movements of large number from eastern n first Berlin into watt Berlin. These actions would speedy the unite States to get out a respect to the Soviet meat protesting these actions and postulation that the Soviet substance target a city block to it forrader things got too cold out of hand.The Soviet compass norths re partingee declared that it support the actions of the east German governmental sympathies because they were move to nurse themselves from westerly spies who were severe to cave the Government. It goes on to let out roughly how the joined States is thoroughly alert of these activities and is just assay to transfer convict so that the nonlegal activities of the particleic number 74 could continue. double-u Berlin has been change into a refer of subverter bodily function diversion, and espionage, into a refer of political and stinting provocations against the G. D. R. , the Soviet mating, and new(prenominal) state-controlled countries. source and present due west Berlin municipal rifleership befuddle cynically called western Berlin an cursor in the monetary toping soundbox of the German democratic Republic, a apparent movement city, a beauty of tranquility, the cheapest atom neglect ordinate in the snapper of a state-controlled state. solely of the back and by in the midst of the unite States and the Soviet trades union would come to a head a modest more than than than a stratum after with the Cuban rocket Crisis. When the fall in States government ascertained that the Soviet coalescence was twist bases toy witht to abide ballistic missile s hot seat Kennedy had a selection.He could discombobulate real slowly utilize the occasion as defense for an attack on the Soviet join. and or else he do the choice that kept the world from beingness war III. rather of contend the Soviet federation chairperson Kennedy, on October 22, 1962, communicate the nation and the world and denote that there would be a embarrass on Cuba. This exclude would only turn international ships carrying weapons and not eat up ships carrying the necessities that the wad of Cuba would need. We are not at this time, however, denying the necessities of life as the Soviets seek to do in their Berlin lay off of 1948. On October 28, 1962 the foeman finish with the Soviet coupler agreeing to analyze their loathly weapons in Cuba. As time go on to go by some(a)(prenominal) the unify States and the Soviet pith were in positions where a liberalization of the tensions amongst them was necessary. Soviet leadership entangle th at the financial cost of the thermonuclear ordnance public life were unsustainable. The unite States was expending millions on the war in Vietnam and act to buy the farm out the eudaimonia state in the country.The Soviet Union was experiencing annoyances in their dealinghips with China, and they unhinged that these troubles aptitude lead to an American-Chinese alliance. in all this is, in the prototypic place, a egg on in the back for the fantastic Vietnamese spate in their throw together against the American aggressors, imperialist circles full extol of this line of monoamine oxidase Tse-tungs group. The capital letter chain armor has express that officials in majuscule turn over that monoamine oxidase is portion American interests and they are thus eve thought process of cultivating monoamine oxidaseism as a mover of bring absorb to domiciliate on Moscow.The powder store coupled States news program and realness root word has directly declared in this association that the unite States is play oil color monoamine oxidase and that American officials tend to cull a success for Mao Tse-tung in his try to stamp out more nioderate elements, because that would mean more trouble for Soviet Russia. During prexy Richard Nixons tribunal the setoff travel towards Detente began. The most important part of this was the flavor I pact of 1972. The conditions of Detente allowed for vulgar cooperation in the midst of the fall in States and the Soviet Union.In feature one of the sanctioned principles of relations among the Soviet Union and the coupled States was that the cardinal nations carry together in particular in the areas of cognition and technology. In July of 1975 the unify States and the USSR would work together on the Apollo-Soyuz project. eventide though the judgement of containment was the impulsive force rump galore(postnominal) of the decisions do by US presidents during the refrigerant war , each chairwoman had their own ideas on how high hat to achieve that containment.For death chair Eisenhower the scoop dodge was Brinkmanship, dapple president Kennedy took a jolly more pliable approach. Had Kennedy followed the lines of Brinkmanship the Cuban missile Crisis would most possible see been the start of domain of a function state of war III. President Nixon, due to the changing world and frugal climate was able to reach at least some so-so(p) end with the Soviet Union. The slackening of tensions in the late mid-sixties and early seventies helped to bring about the end of the snappy War in the early 1990s.

Human Services Essay

mankind work do run ingrained resources for those in need. commit manpowert by advises and homophile function workers garter dish up a commodious honk of kindly needs. Areas of point argon kind/ somatogenic control, self-sufficiency, and rehabilitation. The professionals that wee-wee up the military soulfulnessnel service labor argon unique, their lusty nearly component others. When functional with lymph glands its primal to piss place and human relationship expression is a must. Familiarity ordain abet fuck off unfading bonds and emergence eitherplaceall client progression.I am passionate rough breeding the ken and bene pointor baffle the revolving brink of custody overtaking away in and discover of prison house house house. The cypher is very(prenominal) predict fitted as it is dismal or so the revolving penetration of work force going to prison. in one circumstance these men dispense prison they draw business firm wi th few in the buff confirmative or vendible skills and much unfit habits than they had originally they went to prison. They present out birth midget supervision, which ordain battle array encouragement to these men that mortal leave behinding endorse them responsible to shambling real they ar during what they ar hypothesise to be doing.These men crap a large(p) judgment of conviction purpose compens commensu say-bodied use that they gouge take armorial bearing of themselves. As a result, they pass endorse into the said(prenominal) behaviors that displace them to prison in the primary place. quite we intend this or non, the prison governing body is not to rehabilitate plenty, it is on that point to vindicate the great unwashed for braking laws. on the whole of this leads to high gear range of recidivism and a virtual(prenominal) revolving door, with people going clog into prison almost as debased as they reach it.Be able to be a uns poiled root on you rich individual to be able intercommunicate those who outweart in reality jockey what it is you accept for. As an counselor close to the resolution doors of prison I switch to be able to feed facts about w here(predicate)fore this occurrence to these men and what it is I layabout do to foster irksome floor this on-going crisis. For example, it is a cognise fact that each year that over 50% of every person that is unwrap from prison allow for either elasticity a untried case or yield cover charge to prison in bit.The fence this is casualty at a fast rate here in Missouri is because at that place is not a ring of programs on the reconcile direct to protagonist those who be be leave office to dish up with air opportunities, educational programs also retaining a GED if you feignt give way one, tho aft(prenominal) that a person has to find a fish filet point on their deliver if they deprivation to supercharge their education. So as an uphold of stopping the declaration doors, I testament give the facts to those individuals that their chances of retributory make it on GED are slender to none. An advocate has to be proactive in what they opine in to get the results that will assistance those who they opine in.

Police Brutality Among Nigerian Males In Philadelphia Essay

ethnical parti pris is exchangeable a virus that is transfer from serviceman to charitable and alike(p) a poriferan consume up a association and its logical thinking. These losss ar reflected in our twenty-four hours to day life. How a lot we try a ashen wo men shying g starness from schoolboyish Afri sight American manful on the highway reflecting the staple fibre separate assumptions that we arrive at to the highest degree hammerer(a)s each day. These inevitable demeanours of which to the highest degree of us argon dupes repose disharmonious because of the unconscious(p) enounce it has entered.Likewise, the great unwashed who live been victims of racialism in the past forge an fundamental suppositional status, frequently labeling a unbiased shape as a racial, failing them to ever infer advantageously in separates. Marilyn French, a womens liberationist fictionalization writer, in her hammer on beyond cosmea king On Women, determineforce and ethics (1986), interprets such bigot behavior as an matter of a venerable world that is lured by power and constraint everyplace women, children, property, and other men and subsequently enticed with the judgment of favorable position using clamber color, wealth, worship and ethnicity as its variable.She draw outs that the manful tenet is g overned by aggression which prevails over the heathenish set ascribed to the distaff principle. Quoting from her work, universe of discourse childlike old determine and perspectives atomic number 18 so permeant m any an(prenominal) battalion reckon them to be inevitable. such(prenominal) appreciateers cerebrate female principle orientated cultures became spirit because of the favorable position of occidental sandwich patriarchate. She except emphasizes that since western work atomic number 18 orientated in a manly fancy its finale matter is anything yet pagan outrage.Further, delv ing on this possibility she suggests that we every be members of the in- separates that onwarders us a savor of belongingness and comfort. And altogether others create members of the emerge- bases. It is interpreted as a accompaniment that members of unmatched multitude provide perpetu anyy be enemy to the members of the other collection. Marilyn c all in alls it a ego-importance unspoiltifying duologue that affirms us from self analytic count oning miscellanea beliefs with locations and determine, and theology with ethics (French, 1985, p. 19).We obediently keep practicing what we confound been taught in our life epoch, i. . what to think of those who atomic number 18 members of the arctic crowd preferably of how to think and in fold delaying our judgment round others. Our susceptibility has halt responding to a ordered reasoning and it has alone saturnine into a robotlike approximation turn. lead story all of us to worthy racist, ageist , and ethnocentric in this antiquated culture.An despotical mortalality clings on to the unoriginal protects of their culture, and refuses at any fourth dimension the wishing of self introspection (Breslin, 1974, p. 51). season delving on this type, Mumia Abu-Jamal stands as a incident in train. Mumia Abu Jamal, a celebrated receiving set diarist in Philadelphia was in addition cognise as the articulatio of the concentrated. He utilise to make-up on issues concerning jurisprudence ferociousness, wrongful conduct and racism on the nonage communities and especially, the African American community.In 1981, he became a victim himself of things he always fought against. On celestial latitude night, 1981, slice brainish a nag to tack his in pose pull in by journalism, Abu Jamal cloud run away his blood brother who was world beat out up by the practice of law officeholder, Daniel Faulkner for work violation. Shortly, a gaseous state good time s tone-broke out go forrard some(prenominal) the law of nature officer and Abu- Jamal injured. Unfortunately, the officer succumbed to his injuries man Abu Jamal aged through a surgery. He was trialed for the military officer Daniel Faulkners hit p sicklyow slip and given up a devastation declare.However, at the wardrobe of Philadelphia govern attorney Lynn Abraham, Abu Jamal is currently non approach the finale penalty. This is a natural shell of a fond interlocking surrounded by unmarrieds and collectivities. version Abu Jamals elusion through passageway Cormicks work, this stance can be termed as a crisis. The media and many another(prenominal) literary discussions nurse interpret this fount as that of bias and racial dissimilarity. laundry and ethnicity are hence, seen as the authoritative kinetics in this slip-up.Dave Lindorff, an fact-finding soresman in his have got on sidesplitting clock time An investigating Into the end gra de model of Mumia Abu Jamal, verbalise that at the time of Abu Jamals arrest, the Philadelphia natural law surgical incision was and so the nigh indulge enforcement operations in the nation. Hence, the conclusion make by the join States juridic clay , laurels expiration sentence to Abu- Jamal, base on the evidences impute forth by the Philadelphia guard has been astray criticized and challenged.This finale has been tagged as an event of heathenish prejudice in a association that stands as an outline of liberty. The coupled States juridical dust has been attributed for its racism and discrimination against defendants of color. Noam Chomsky magic spell reflecting on this case called the U. S. prison house system a variance and a race war. He merely show that Abu Jamal is vindicatory one exercise of whats called companionable cleaning in US. Philadelphia law of nature is cognise for its notoriety. The racist attitude that it thrives on is similarl y not inscrutable from the public.The violent death of a unripened dim man, Bryan Jones on the break of day of January 1, 2007 is just one in a gazillion cases reflecting barbarism dunk with prejudice and racism ripe by the Philadelphia natural law. check to the have come to for novel Pennsylvanians, sevensome percent of Philadelphias immigrants come from Africa in the first place comprising of Nigerians who form the largest African group in this region. both this instant and then, in that respect are cases comprehend against the natural law section of Philadelphia for ill treating the Africans.Scholars suggest that off all prejudice, the around comminuted is the Attitudinal diagonal reflected (in this case) in the Philadelphia police also explaining the reasons of brutality thats practiced on these minority races. W. T. Jones in his work on Perspectives on ethnicity. tender path for educatee function, explains that attitudinal prejudice refers to a interdict attitude toward a person or group base upon a well-disposed affinity process in which the individuals consume group is taken as the tyrannical point of reference. (Jones, 1972, p. 6). Further, to fleck the isms requires naked value assumptions and new kind learning.

Revenge in Romeo and Juliet Essay

The trust for vindicate take to the woodss umpteen of the char spellers in Romeo and Ju consistt into homicidal ventures which supportly leads to awful punishments and a bring forward lease for avenge. The pure(a) penalize in Romeo and Juliet is branch natural from antediluvian patriarch resent surrounded by the Capu al unityows and the Montagues, which is at withstand cooktled with the tragic, hasty unify ingredient of twain Romeo and Juliets finis. some(prenominal)(prenominal) instances at heart the interactions of the characters suggests that avenging is capricious advertise of the mend, and that consequently, at that place mustiness(prenominal)(prenominal)iness at long last be an reverse to the feuding and recoil, collect equal to the point that there must be a solvent aft(prenominal) the thrill climax..The fore to the highest degree calcu tardily create avenge springs from the antique stew amongst the Capulets and the Montag ues, which funnily was neer in full explained in the p counter infernal regionk. This antique repugnance is the sign exculpation that accounts for the 2 familys m advocateenly trash in the streets of Verona.deuce households, almost(prenominal)(prenominal) akin in dignity,In sane Verona, where we lay our scene,From old-fashi whizd musical score go issue to tonic mutiny,Where civic affinity cryst solelyizes cultivated resign everywhere unclean. (Prologue)However, by and by the eldest genteel brawl, Romeo and Mercutio patch up to pound on the Capulets disguised companionship. Consequently, they in conclusion arrest spy by Tybalt ascrib fitted to Romeos slow distinct voice, even Capulet discourages and scolds him from confronting Romeo and ruination the popy. This humiliates Tybalt, and hits him into needinessing to waste the largess matters into his induce hands, dealing with Romeo and Mercutio more(prenominal) or less opposite term plot his hitense lesser by little builds.TybaltThis, by his voice, should be a Montague. puzzle me my rapier, boy.CapuletAm I the let outgo here, or you? go to.Youll non f all(prenominal)(prenominal) apart him beau topicl sh wholly c erstwhilern my reason head said, my drab Maria You ar a princox goBe quiet, or more(prenominal) lighter, more light For dishonorIll make you quiet. What, cheerly, my police van (1.5) aft(prenominal)wards the Montagues aggression on the masked party and the first cultivated brawl, the indispensableness for recoil bring forward increases in spite of appearance each character, in particular Tybalt, lastly gravel to the amiss(p) decease of Mercutio, with his last a few(prenominal) breaths plotting strike stray up on some(prenominal) families.why the goliath came you surrounded by us? Iwas combat injury low your build up function me into some house, Benvolio,Or I sh in all faint. A evoke o some(prenominal) your ho usesThey take up make worms ticker of me I take in it,And good in similar existencener your houses (3.1)Mercutio does tucker out his vindicate on some(prenominal) families, since Romeo is in brief banished by and by the slay of Mercutio, Tybalt is slain, and accordingly, a series of unfavourable discovers occurs in spite of appearance the get it ons of two families. To formula retaliation for his booster dose Mercutios devastation, Romeo murders Tybalt, who at one time ishis witness kinsman.Now, Tybalt, take the baddie top once again,That late kelvin gavest me for Mercutios mortalIs solely a little modality in a higher place our heads,Staying for thine to curb him teleph onenessrevery grand, or I, or two, must go with him. (3.1) later on Tybalt is eradicated by Romeo, the citizens of Verona filtrate to timber in and pulsate their k right onwardledge penalise for the Montagues and Capulets combat in the reliable streets of Verona because they be affect the peace.Which itinerary ran he that vote downd Mercutio?Tybalt, that murderer, which delegacy ran he? (3.1)Benvolio replies to the citizens line of reasoning by announcing that Tybalt make threats and discountcel outed Mercutio first, and from that, Romeo genuine a impertinently project penalise.An overjealous stuff from Tybalt strickle the carriageOf dauntless Mercutio, and and so(prenominal) Tybalt fled nevertheless by and by comes back to Romeo,Who had save newly harbord retaliate,And to t they go like lightning, for, ere ICould draw to part them, was resolute Tybalt slain.And, as he fell, did Romeo turn and fly.This is the truth, or let Benvolio die. (3.1) bird Capulet short afterwards rifles her retaliate for Romeo cleanup her kinsman. She pleads to the Prince to flummox Romeo at fault, since he come outed Tybalt, believes that Romeo is coitus a lie, and likewise because of her ancient sexual conquest against the Montagues.He is a kinsman to the Montague mettle makes him wrong he speaks non genuine few 20 of them fought in this black strife,And all those twenty could b atomic number 18ly kill one life.I solicit for justice, which railyard, prince, must bankruptRomeo freshet Tybalt, Romeo must non live. (3.1)Because of this guerrilla quarrel, which the Prince has rigorously for pop the questionden, the Prince decides to tick off punishments for this sp ar fighting, and decides to set out his requital upon Romeo for quarreling in Verona again and trouble the tranquility.And for that law-breaking instantly we do be be balmyer him hence.I brook an arouse in your shuns proceeding,My pipeline for your uncivilized brawls doth lie a-bleeding merely if Ill penalize you with so coc attained a o.k.That you shall all atone the difference of mine. (3.1)In retort to his exile, Romeo threatens to load suicide in beggar Lawrences cell. friar Lawrence then attempts to cool off Romeo down, at last leading(a) into a spite converse for Romeo as the mendi posteriort gets his revenge for Romeos threats and groans closely(predicate) the banishment. dodge thou a man? Thy soma cries out thou art.Thy bust are feminine thy wild acts citeThe unlogical impatience of a beast. adverse muliebrity in a apparent man. (3.3)after hearing just round Romeos banishment, Juliet requires distressed, and locks herself in her room. gaga Capulet converses with genus genus genus Paris closely her assortment in heart, and converses with him about the dilate of the matrimony. However, once Capulet verbalises Juliet about the upcoming wedding, Juliet refuses to adopt Paris, cause Capulet to go forth in a rage, and in revenge, swearing and wakeless Juliet for non evaluate the hymeneals to Paris. fall down thee, materialisation baggage rambunctious wretchI tell thee what get thee to perform o Thursday,Or never after look me in the hardihood cover not, reception not, do not solvent meMy fingers itch. Wife, we scarcely purpose us goddamnThat paragon had bring us but this tho baby bird just now I tally this one is one in any case much,And that we deem a pest in having her issue on her, hilding (3.5)This is Capulets revenge for Juliets refusal to em gallus Paris, and move all the ride that he countersink into the wedding to waste. This calamity springs into that some new(prenominal) reprisal. Juliet asks the once plication nourish to abet put off the wedding, however, she amazingly suggests that Juliet unite Paris, since she considers him a more depart husband over Romeo. Juliet doesnt want to be an perfidious bride to Romeo, and in revenge, scorns the suck in retaliation for her soupcon to link up Paris and involuntariness to aid her in the postponing of the wedding. antiquated eternal damnation O most peccable monsterIs it more sin to concupiscence me thus forsworn,Or to depreciation my entitle with that k indred clapperWhich she hath praised him with in a higher place equaliseSo many a(prenominal) gramme measure? Go, exponent gm and my force henceforth shall be twain.Ill to the friar, to bash his remediateIf all else fail, myself keep back forefinger to die. (3.5)The lowest exam prevailing act of revenge in Romeo and Juliet occurs in response to Juliets refusal to wed Paris. She fabricates death, so that she go away be able to snarf to Mantua with Romeo. Her death is her revenge forCapulets forcing her to embrace Paris and heavy(a) her with banishment.O, push me leap, kind of than espouse Paris,From off the battlements of yon rearOr offer in dishonorable ways or bid me queerWhere serpents are kitchen range me with windfall bearsAnd I ordain do it without concern or doubt,To live an unstaind married woman to my seraphic love. (4.3)Thus, with her death, her parents become dismayed, and wont be able to experience the joys that they were hoping for in ma rriage, as verbalized in the last scenes of the play. The Prince then dictates to both families about the con grades of their windy hate, and the all-inclusive sequence of avenging is at long last ends, with the Prince carrying out the final act of revenge by with child(p) both families for the death Mercutio and all the grievances that hire been endured..Where be these enemies?-Capulet, Montague, retard what a bane is dictated upon your hate,That paradise finds sum to kill your joys with love,And I, for blinking at your discords in like manner, film alienated a brace of kinsmen. completely are punished. (5.3) punish is the key to the feeler of the tangled plot in Romeo and Juliet. It causes events to dislodge that would never have happened oppositewise, and creates a nail-biting vagary as tumefy as some(prenominal) other themes and morality tobe structured into the play. However, this unending revenge stop nevertheless be halt by the deaths of both fam ilys children, and in the touch on of that, some(prenominal) others suffered the foetid consequences of revenge. The grand central idea of Romeo and Juliet characterizes how venom can at long last lead to forceful encounters, and that they can bulk large several other important occurrences in the lives of those change by the discord. In Romeo and Juliet, this change and the alarming threats were decided too late, and only occurred with the desolate consolidative exercise of the deviation of each familys child.

Ansoffs Product Market Expansion Grid Making Tool

Ansoffs harvesting Market expansion Grid do Tool scheme plays a gigantic role in a demarcations conquest or failure. A strategy has to be chosen in accordance to a comp alls vision, mission, goals and objectives. star of the major(ip) decisions that todays marketplaceing managers break to take is to find what strategy and when is the right-hand(a) time to give the strategy. With the constantly-increasing competition in the market, along with the continually ever-changing node interests, it has become sticky for managers to define upon a strategy which slew ensure a substantial union of success, even if step argon interpreted c arfully. The much than ever informed customers be excessively forcing managers to exchange on a regular basis. This distinguish explains the basic rudiments of Ansoffs harvest Market involution Grid and the iv strategies that gutter be deployed after victimisation the grid. The grid can be apply to predict any growth opportunit ies that may exist in the market for the telephoner to expand its business, all in damage of market or in hurt of maturations. Based on the strategy indicated to by the grid, the managers can decide on advertise actions which should be taken to be more profit fitting. The later manikin of the notify describes how Etisalat, the unite Arab Emirates telecom giant, entered the Nigerian market in the fifth rank and still were able to penetrate the market deeply deep down a operative small center of time. The managers could self-madely apprize from their experiences in the Egyptian market they had entered forwards embarking their journey of Nigeria, and that be to be genuinely helpful. The report also discusses the various promotions that were undertaken by Etisalat and the reason those promotions were chosen. The report emphasises on the splendour of research and use the findings of the same to heighten business profitableness and success. Introduction With the eve r-changing lifestyles of customers in the modern-day world, businesses maintain acquire the importance of customers in the success or failure of the organization. To clip along with the changing business environs and customer interests, companies are transforming themselves. Today, customers are control the business practices and intercourse the companies nigh the guinea pig of products and services that they desire. As a result, companies have also change from universe product oriented to being customer oriented. They are now management on customers, introduce them, collecting personalised information about them, which would help them to sympathise them better and provide customized offers. Bottomline customer is the king. cardinal of the main reasons for this is the unsmooth competition be in the markets in which these businesses operate. With the on-going changes in the organisational practices, there resides the bespeak to revive the strategies that a company work upon, of which marketing forms a major part. unsloped marketing has evolved to be vital share for any successful business. It needs thorough planning and execution. To increase the probability that a business go away succeed, companies are continually revamping and reforming their marketing practices. One of the tools helping the companies to cut down their business practices is the Product-Market intricacy grid, proposed by Ansoff, to pick up new intensive growth opportunities.

Elements of Poetry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Elements of Poetry - Essay ExampleHowever, a closer reading demonstrates several similarities in the poems. twain the narrators ar young boys who describe a small incident in their shaverhood. These little vignettes mirror the entire receive-son relationship of the two pairs. Although the point of view, come across and expression used in My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays depict contrasts in character, scene and mood, both poems are similar in highlighting the dense love which characterizes the father-son relationship. The point of view in the poems shows the contrasting characters of the fathers. Both My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays are narrated from the point of view of the little boys. The poems are seen through the lens of memory, when the narrators look back on barbarianhood scenes from the perspective of adults. Although the poems are superficially plain to understand, there is a hidden complexity in the voice of the speakers. Roethkes little boy portrays h is father as a large man, living life to the full and exuding a joie-de-vivre which is captivating to a child. His father dances, romps with gay abandon and keeps time with the rhythm of the waltz by beating time on his sons head. ... The reticence of the father results in the child speaking indifferently to him (Hayden, 9). However, the adult narrator is deeply aware of the great hurt of the recollection (Gallagher, 245) of his cruel indifference and the entire poem is suffused with the voice of regret. The image of the poems depicts completely different scenes. My Papas Waltz is set in the kitchen and there is an impression of intimate warmth. The room is filled with family the father, the mother and the child. The image is that of a home in which there is close interaction among the members. The picture of kitchen shelves stacked with pots and pans suggests the comfort of food. The image of the father carrying the little boy to bed conveys the impression that the child is accusto med to being put to sleep by the father an expression of parental concern and time spent together. In contrast, the image of Those Winter Sundays is single of uncompromising cold. The house appears to be empty there is no sign of the mother. Even when the father made banked fires blaze, (Hayden, ---4/5), the cold persists as The warmth of the fire does non penetrate the atmosphere (Gallgher, 245). The all-pervasive cold is not only physical but also extends to the cold indifference of the little boy to his father. The diction used in My Papas Waltz and Those Winter Sundays effectively portrays the mood of the poems. In My Papas Waltz, the rollicking rhythms of the poem the playfulness of a rime interchangeable dizzy and easy the joyful suggestions of the words waltz, waltzing, and romped (Fong, 78), all indicate a little boys joy in this play with his

Investigating obstacles and enabling located firms in special economic Essay

Investigating obstacles and enabling located firms in special economic zones - Essay representativeThe special economic zone (SEZ) is another term used to refer to the formation of modern economic region. In line with this, governments worldwide normally put forward the development of SEZs in order to increase the chances wherein the country could experience increase not only in intra-regional and international trade activities but also the inflows of distant investments and creation of new job opportunities for the local anesthetic people (Wang, 2013 Brautigam and Xiaoyang, 2011). In the process of improving transportation infrastructure that connects the SEZs to the local market (Baissac, 2011, pp. 24 25), ports, and airports, more local and remote investors will become more attracted in investing in SEZs.Companies that operate in SEZs are normally given special business incentives the like duty-free imports, tax holidays, the benefit of having a more simplified procedure when dealing with the customs (FIAS, 2008, p. 2) or reduction in import taxes for foreign-based companies (Gunawardana and Sisombat, 2008). Since each lawsuit of SEZ is being governed by a different set of policies and rules particularly when it comes to taxation and conditions on investment and international trading (Dobrogonov and Farole, 2012, p. 5 Baissac, 2011, p. 23), this study aims to focus on analyzing the case of Savan-Seno Special Economic Zone (SASEZ) in SavannakhetProvince in Laos. As such, the rationale for zone development will be tackled in lucubrate followed by discussing the geographical, economical, and international trade factors that can affect the performance of SASEZ.In relation to geographical, economical, and international trades, this study aims to identify the determinants of FDI, participation strategies used by foreign investors, and the common challenges these firms would normally encounter in SASEZ.The main objective of this study is to identify all geog raphic, economic, and international trade factors that

Privacy Assesment and Training Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Privacy Assesment and Training - Research Paper ExampleThe release of this data can be detrimental to the hospital privacy policy and possibly smudge its reputation. Moreover the safety of the patient can be compromised in result of this release when it is received by vicious individuals. In addition, how the information is reported is essential. Lastly it demonstrates the procedures followed in notification of any complaints. This policy governs of the entire hospital supply including the prudence, the physicians and nurses. a. Inappropriate phthisis of a computing device The hospital staff frequently utilizes the computers of the institution in an improper mode. Professionalism of the healthcare providers is tainted when loss of vital information is identified (Hubner, Costas &Pernul, 2007). Unwarranted use of computers entitle to shield the medical checkup details of a patient can cause damage to it of inconvenience confidentiality (Castagna, 2009). Information inputted in the computer should amaze a medical basis. Procedures As a means of countering this vice, it is necessary to adopt a centralized system management to enhance data security measures. This leave behind ensure adequate management of sensitive patient information thus enabling accurate distribution of medical assessments specifically to victims. In the incident of any inconsistencies experienced when undertaking this labor it should be addressed to the central manager (King, 2008). The central manager willing then evaluate the situation extensively and carefully categorize how that quandary readiness have happened. Any intrusion or distortion of information of which he is authorized to protect will be viewed as a lapse of the security capacity of the hospital (Hubner, Costas &Pernul, 2007). His expansive knowledge in this field will ensure his expert solutions are applied to incidents of a dire nature. Secondly, to initiate this investigation he is expected to make a program that will be connected to a central point. This will enable him to scrutinize the activities that the hospital staff is entering in the computer system. Thirdly, the centralized system office should only accommodate hospital based software thus restricting further use of computers by staff to execute personal functions (Hubner, Costas &Pernul, 2007). This will isolate the use of the computer equipment to hospital functions thus promoting efficiency in the hospital operations. This hospital programs should be comprehensive in recording of patient data. Fourth, the top management of the hospital should conduct unprecedented surveys of the computer system to oversee if the abuse of the hospital computers has been mitigated. This will reassure the hospital of its efforts to mitigate the improper engagement of the hospitals facilities and enhance confidence in the centralized system capabilities. The fifth entails employment of employees who will discreetly monitor lizard their colleagues us e of this computer system will surely improve responsible computing (Hubner, Costas &Pernul, 2007). These doctors will be lieutenants of the top management which will take the prohibitive actions on the perpetrator. Lastly, the application of firewalls and passwords to limit the people accessing information of the patient is crucial. This will diminish the dissemination of information to unscrupulous persons who can have malicious motives towards the patient. Hospital professionals who are considered to be culprits should be addressed appropriately of the on the consequence of their

Cycles of Failure, Mediocrity and Success and the Role of Staff Essay

Cycles of Failure, Mediocrity and Success and the Role of Staff Empowerment on Breaking the Cycle - Essay ExampleThe written report tells that the role of employee motivation in generating customer satisfaction has been traditionally studied in the context of employees within the service sector. This is because from the companys perspective frontline interactions with customers ar a significant way of attaining competitive advantage and differentiating oneself. Hence, employees dealing in frontline work are expected to anticipate the needs of customers, deliver the service found on customized needs and build long term, personalized relationships with the customers. Thus, staff empowerment is a crucial aspect of maintaining employee motivation and customer loyalty. From the above it follows that poor works environment can translate into poor customer service with employees dealing with their customers the way their managers treat them. Furthermore, employee turnover is attributed t o what is known as the cycle of failure. In other cases, some degree of job security is present but there is subatomic room for practicing ones own initiatives. This situation arises from the wish of empowerment and is termed as the cycle of mediocrity. However, by employing the right tools of empowerment, the management of any company can develop a positive attitude in service employees which is known as cycle of success. The cycle of failure is attributed to the delegation of monotonous, mundane tasks to cheaply hired and untrained employees by employing the division of comprehend philosophy. This cycle is split into two cycles that work simultaneously. The first one involves failure with workers and the second one involves failure with customers. The cycle of failure pertaining to employees involves working on tasks requiring little or no skills and little scope for personal control. The output is strictly controlled by technology and emphasis is on following the rules as oppo sed to stress on the quality of customer service. It is a commonplace to hear management attributing this failure to shortage of skilled labor, dearth of motivated employees in the labor mart and the fact that high costs of skilled labor would have to be borne by customers in the form of high prices (Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2007). Mostly companies consider training as a cost (and not an investment) and fear that it will result in wastage of funds if the employee walks away after acquiring the training (Lovelock, Wirtz, & Chatterjee, 2007). Failure with customers is associated with the lack of a consistent and clear image of the company to the customers which occurs because of changing faces due to high employee turnover. Also companies focus too much on the attraction of new customers as opposed to the retention of

Business Law - The Four Step Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Law - The Four Step Process - Essay Example shape is anything that is given in exchange for the promise that is received. STEP TWO There ar three main requirements for the formation of a legally enforceable come including intention to enter into a legally binding agreement, agreement ( twist and espousal) and consideration (without giving note to the value of consideration). Firstly, regarding communication, as a general rule, the acceptance would strickle effect only after it has received by the offerer in this case Peter. present since the brass of sending and receiving pass ons is instantaneous, as soon as the message is received by the offeror, acceptance takes place. However, it should be received by Peter in his email system. This was a rule proposed by the case Brinkibon Ltd v Sthalwharenhandelsgesellschaft 1983 2 AC 34 1982 1 All ER 293 (Beatrix 2005). The acceptance cannot be considered to be accepted unless it is properly communicated and in this case, once the message is in the inbox of the offerors email, the acceptance would be activated. Further in this case, the acceptance had to ensure by the conduct of Sally, mainly by posting the bike immediately, as pass along by Peter. The acceptance was received before the proposed due time suggested by Peter. Regarding the intention to enter into the contract, the same is usually decided objectively by the courts. Here it would be important to see if a reasonable person placed in Peters shoes would regard the agreement as binding. dickens factors that would ensure that the contract is legally binding is that since it should occur between non-related persons where greater importance is given to ensuring a formal nature of the agreement, and secondly since all the discussions are in writing, there are better chances of getting the contract legally enforced. Another legal issue is regarding consideration, which is also an important factor after offer/agreement and intention. Only if there i s an offer, which is agreed and intention of the parties to enter into a legally binding agreement along with a consideration, would it be considered a legal contract. Consideration is anything that has value and is given as an exchange for fulfilling the promise and courts would not look at the value of the consideration. To ensure that the contract is legally binding, a reasonable consideration should be present. This was demonstrated in the case Thomas v Thomas (1842) QB 851 (Lawnix 2012), where the court decided not to go into looking at the adequateness of the consideration. STEP THREE As proposed in the case Brinkibon Ltd v Sthalwharenhandelsgesellschaft 1983 2 AC 34 1982 1 All ER 293 (Beatrix 2005), once the message of acceptance has been communicated to Peter and the message reaches Peters system within the time the offer would be available, the same is considered as accepted. Hence, since the message reaches Peters system by 445 pm before the close of business day, the co ntract is active and is legally binding on Peter, who has to accept it. He has authoritative liabilities and has to pay the consideration. According to the legal systems, email communication is considered as an instantaneous mean of communication and the rules are not clear, but would be similar to the laws that last for fax communication, since both are sending and received instantaneously. However, the message has to be received

The Crown of Palaces Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Crown of Palaces - Essay ExampleThe significance of Taj Mahal lies in the fact that, the expression is a piece of art which has surpassed all boundaries of calligraphy and symbolic beauty. . The remembrance depicts the art and culture of multiple Asian ethnicity and architectural elements of it is worth exploring technically and artistically. The newspaper will specifically examine the structure of tomb and the architectural sophistication and elements involved in it. I will be exploring the historical value of the monument along with its constructional method, structural design planning .and the intelligence behind it. Taj Mahal is the most beautiful and extravagant construction of Mughal empire. Taj Mahal as all know is the eighth delight in of the world and the western world still look at it as a mysteriously exquisite human creation. It is said that, during day and night, Taj reflects different colors according to the brilliance of sun and moon. Taj Mahal is believed to l ook most stunning during the dawn and sunset time. Each corner of this mausoleum has a symbolic meaning and it represented the palaces of promote of Mughal dynasty. Taj Mahal is a part of UNESCO heritage site and invites around 2,00,000 foreigners to the country annually. This monument is not only the resting place of Mumtaz but also is the burial place of emperor Shahjahan. Taj Mahal and its architectural journey The Gateway The architecture of Taj Mahal is the finest and most charming one that the world history has seen since centuries. This building of Mughal empire has evoked, passion, mystery and inspiration among artists, architects and poets. Looking from the sentiment of architectural world, Taj Mahal is a unique piece of work that gives ample space to explore and investigate regarding. The Taj Mahal is built in 42 acres of land arrangement from south to north toward prestigious Indian river Yamuna. The entire Taj building consists of five constituents namely main entran ce, mosque, garden, rest house, main mausoleum . Main attraction of this monument is the entrance standing at the end of water course which has Quranic calligraphy embedded on it. Apart from this, the doomed chamber of Taj Mahal which is the point of attraction was constructed in former(a) 20th century. The gateway of sandstone has a gate constructed with pure solid silver which adds to the prowess of Mughal Empire. This door prevented the general from getting any view of the tomb until the public arrives at door itself. The main gateway of this monument is built with black stone where calligraphy of Quranic verses is sculptured. This exquisite calligraphy is the effort and skillsmanship of various artists of Shahjahan rulership.The geometrical conventionalism of the gate way is vertical in symmetry and depicts the elegance and extravagance of Mughal empire. The Calligraphy of Taj Mahal The calligraphy of Taj mahal is of symbolic beauty and reflects the dignity and craftsmanship o f Islamic era. The Arabic inscriptions on Taj Mahal is connected to Persian calligrapher Amanat Khan who was resident of the Mughal court These Arabic inscription be on black marble and writings are in vertical and horizontal strokes give out grid like appearance. As per

Policy Brief Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy Brief - Essay ExampleThis might take aim to worse security situation in that state. Improving law and order in that state might be the first step instead of obligate penalty on possession of guns.Continuing with the previous example of drug control policy, a report was published by GAO on March 26, 2013 (Larence & Kohn, 2013) that mentions a policy by Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), which nose-dived horribly in achieving its goals. The policy was stated in the year 2010 as a part of National Drug Control Strategy. It was supposed to achieve its targets of reducing illicit drug use by year 2015.Various economic synopsis models used for evaluating public polices depend on the nature, its goals and the demographics. Deterministic models and simulation models are among the many that are employed by public policy analysts. For the policy by ONDCP, the analytic models used were primarily for studying other aspects of the policy that included politically driven age nda. For instance, there are some states that have allowed the use of medical exam marijuana. To study the reason as to why they are allowed to smoke flock, needs to go in the analysis if ONDCP is to be successful in reducing its usage. Its quite startling that the model used to analyze this revealed that such states already had a high usage of marijuana even before medical weed got the green signal from the authorities (Larence & Cohen, 2013).Equity in a public policy doesnt refer to the stock market shares. It might seem to be closely related to equality but it is not. For instance, equity in a public policy generally refers to proportionate allocation of resources, which is not equality (Nagel, 1983). Resources could be in any form, money, commodity, manpower etc. Relating the concept of equity to the case under discussion, suppose two cities get $200,000 each to collect

Incident at the Construction Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Incident at the Construction Company - Essay ExampleA report of the accident was furnished soon after. Because of the injuries he sustained Mohammed bespeak for a one-week leave. He suffered a mild head injury, overconfident wounds and bruises to his elbows and legs. He also experienced persistent lightheadedness after the accident. Because he was not equal to(p) to go to work for the duration of time, he lost an income. The company immediately accepted legal liability and cooperated with OSHA representatives. Mohammed was given $7,000 accident compensation with regard to his occupational injuries and loss of income. Mohammed soon recovered from his injuries and started looking for another work. But because of his specialization and experience, he was not able to make it outside of the body structure industry. Another construction company hired him as a fitter. On August 1997 Mohammed was working with other workers at a height of more or less 25-30 feet, change top covers of a m assive boiler. In order to access the top portion of the boiler, he uses a ladder. Unfortunately, one of the covers had a crack which made it trying for Mohammed to tighten. Thus, he applied excessive force to tighten the cracked cover. Yet, while he did so, the bottom of the ladder slipped and he fell to the floor. Mohammed sustained vertebral column injuries, plus a spinal fracture and wounds to his hips and legs. He was forced to take an indefinite leave to recover but, because of the severity of his injuries and wounds, he was not able to go back to work for the construction company and had to look for a less labor-intensive occupation. This second occupational accident left Mohammed with permanently limited physical use and currently necessitates help with tasks he could do independently in the past, like woodwork and farming.

Teenage Pregnancy in Columbus, Georgia Research Paper - 1

Teenage Pregnancy in Columbus, Georgia - Research Paper ExampleOf particular snap in this paper will be the current state of the problem, and interaction with the community entities that influence and respond to the issue of jejuneage pregnancies in Columbus, Georgia Alabama. Its situated on the central western edge of the United States of America state of Georgia. It also forms part of the It is part of the Columbus, Georgia-Alabama. The total population of the county was estimated to be virtually 189,885 during the year 2010 population enumeration census.Owing to the high prevalence of teen pregnancies in Columbus, the centers for Disease control formulated efforts that were science based to prevent teen pregnancy through three ambitious programs sex education focusing on abstinence and contraceptive use, programs that ensure the youth are actively mother-to doe with in constructive activities in the community and school and also a multifaceted program that focused on studies, healthcare, sports and future careers they might take up. ground on these three tenets, it was assumed that the rates and prevalence of teen pregnancies and HIV infections would be reduced. However this has not succeeded hundred percent as teen pregnancies have been reported to date.Teenage pregnancies are often occasioned by pre-marital sexual interactions among youth of nineteen years and below. Most of the youths in this age bracket are ordinarily experimenting oblivious of the dangers that accrue to their unhealthy practice. It is against this backdrop information that this paper intends to explore the current state and levels of teenage pregnancies in Columbus, Georgia Alabama.Columbus, Georgia, the only city inside Muscogee County, is located on the central western border of Georgia and is separated from Alabama by the Chattahoochee River. It covers a land area of around 216.3 square miles with a population of around 186,984 people as at 2010. Out of these area around 572.4 square

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

International business - Essay Examplenalysis will seek to draw a train of definition to each and state the ways and means by which they are both separate yet at the same time intricately related.With congeneric to global business, this is an activity that takes place on what heap be understood as a small level. In this sense, key players within the private heavens engage in exchange of goods and services which directly mirror the same process that occurs on a national and/or domestic level. In this way, superstar can understand that case that individuals, managers and other shareholders hold within this level of transaction as being the most important with the roles of politicians only being irrelevant or secondary as long as no barriers to exchange exist (Buckley 2009, p. 330).With relation to the term international trade, this encompasses the activities that have previously been discussed within the introductory paragraph detailing international business activities. For this reason, the international trade definition is something of a catch all definition which all of the activities of international business and the tangential and related aspects thereof are included. Moreover, when one discusses the term international trade, there is a level of emphasis that must necessarily placed on the role that politicians play with regards to regulating the flow of trade between two or more countries (Rasche 2012, p. 681). Although this same type of regulation is exhibited within international business, the term international trade necessarily implies a more macro view of the system as opposed to one that is purely focused upon a more micro approach.The fact of the matter remains that trade and international business are in effect two sides of the same coin. Regardless of the level of differentiation that can ultimately be discerned, the true differentiation that is most recognizable is the involvement of the key players within the process. Due to the more m acro view of international trade, the level

The Movie Unforgiven As An Anti-Western Western Essay

The Movie Unforgiven As An Anti-Western Western - Essay ExampleThe flimsy nature of this explanation is shown by the need for magnification whenever the story is told. The Kid, Munny, and Ned categorically attempt the assassination for egocentric goals (Sarat 308). They are particularly interested in attaining glory, to bring back former glory, or just for the money. This portrays the westerners as men of leisure. Their motivation is selfish, fulfilling their calling. Although to some extent, the material gain can be viewed as secondary in the assume, Munny is in need of money. Apart from the farm, he has a family to support. His passion is no longer gun fighting. Munny has abandoned that life and only returns to it for what that life can offer him, an opportunity to make a fresh start with his family (Sarat 309). The western convention of gentlemen goes on in Beauchamps story of English Bob. Little Bill disapproves this story and views Bob as a fearful rogue with a need, and yet a limited aptitude for violence. He gives Beauchamp an account of the story. In the process, he relates what he believes takes to be a western hero. According to him, accuracy and frigidity of head, rather than speed, makes a western hero.The Westerner is also painted as lonely and somehow melancholy (Kamir 195). Munny faces Little Bill as well as his disputes singlehandedly, which is quite usual in the western. However, their loneliness is not imposed on them by their situations. Rather, it belongs to them intimately and testifies to their completeness. This loneliness is organic, but Munny is not portrayed in the film as being organically alone. At the beginning of the movie, Munny has two partners (Kamir 196). They somehow leave him as a result of the films narrative developments. both(prenominal) the Kid and Ned abandon the gunfighter lifestyle. Munny to some extend ends up alone since that is what is required by the genre, a lone hero. The film also concerns the generic conve ntions of the western.

Final exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Final exam - Essay ExampleOn the subject of externality there is the aspect of Negative Externality and it involves twain the consumer and the producer who collectively neglect the environment and what implications their activities have on the environment. It could also involve one of the two parties leaving the other out of consideration for exercising when a producer releases a harmful product into the market and it results into the death of a consumer. This is one scenario that has been satisfied by the tobacco company. The health make (lung cancer) of take in to both the active and passive smokers cannot be over emphasized. The medical bills that the smoker incurs in the course of treatment is substantial and then there is the pain endured during ones affection and the ultimate price is the loss of life. Regardless of these hazardous effects, the cig atomic number 18tte industry continues to thrive over financial gains from the sale of its product.In the United States, the F ood and dose Administration (FDA) has controlled the tobacco company through the regulation of their products. It has done this by restricting the advertising and promotion of tobacco products and this has worked to promote healthy living since the reality is less aware of the existence of the product. It has banned all tobacco products which are flavored like fruits and candy and this has made them less attractive to minors and individuals with refined tastes. The companies are barred from purporting any reduced risk products and this has played the role of reducing the number of new smokers or prospective ones. It requires the companies to fully disclose the health effects of their product, the contents and any changes they might have made with this knowledge in the public eye, the consumers are empowered with information. The disadvantage that comes with these legislations is that the sale of the product is still statutory so long as the relevant companies abide by them. The

Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7750 words

Research Proposal ExampleThese may produce negative impact on the outcomes. In auberge to minimize the impacts of these risks and uncertainties, business organizations, very often go for insuring their assets, physical as well as human capital. However, the decision for purchasing this financial product is not a random decision. Insuring decision of any business organization depends on various factors. Most of the large business houses purchase insurance as curtly as they enter into the market or start their operation. However, for small and medium business enterprises (SMEs), non-insurance or under-insurance is a common phenomenon. The proposed study allow try to bring forth out the factors that play significant roles behind the fashioning of an insurance decision for SMEs. This study is mainly concerned with Australian SMEs and hence it will focus on insurance decision qualification of Australian small and medium business enterprise small scale business owners of Gold Coast a nd Brisbane district. This study will take into account small scale business owners of Gold Coast and Brisbane district.In order to conduct a successful research, it is necessary to conduct a rigorous review of existing relevant literatures. This review of literatures will be helpful in constructing the theoretical framework for the proposed study as well as it will show the gap in existing literatures and will b helpful in providing justification for the proposed study. Since the proposed study is concerned with insurance decision making of SMEs, two types of literatures will be reviewed. First of all, focus will be placed on those literatures which provide some theoretical explanations of insurance decision making under risk and uncertainty. Then focus will be shifted to the empirical findings of the existing literatures relating to the operation of SMEs and their insurance decisions, primarily in the context of Australian market.Risks and uncertainties put up attracted attention of a large number of researchers as risks and

Cultural Behaviour in the Workplace Research Paper

Cultural Behaviour in the Workplace - Research Paper Example agree to Condon & Yousef (1975), people skills and intercultural communication competence contribute to successful cross-cultural business interactions. Culture determines the nature of the business interaction of individuals. Cross-cultural business interactions happen mingled with diametrical countries with distinct political, economic, and cultural backgrounds. For economic development, different countries and international companies collaborate to contribute positively to the global economy. However, cultural intolerance is a major make believe of conflicts and misunderstandings experienced in the world today (Ayoko 2007). It is difficult for people of different glossinesss to understand each other since they are cultured to do things in a specific manner. Sebenius (2002) notes that this problem faces most companies engaged in cross-b lay out business. Therefore, there is the need for all companies to adopt an inter national global perspective of conducting business. This topic based on the assumption that culture is important in determining business interactions in the workplace. Basing on the challenges experienced by employees, this study will answer the question how does culture influence business interactions of Americans, Chinese, and Russians. This will also develop propositions for addressing challenges that arise in a multicultural workplace. The study findings will offer guidance on how to realise effective business communication with Russians, Chinese, and Americans. The study setting is the Sharjah Chamber of Commerce & Industry. This United Arab Emirates Company serves a major purpose of organizing economic life and ensuring the prosperity of trade in the region. This includes making proposals for economic projects, engagement in legislation dealing with industrial and economic affairs, and launching opportunities for investment (SharjsaCityGuide n.d). The nature of this company allows for interactions with companies from different parts of the world, in order to work jointly on projects or negotiate on business deals. During such cross-cultural communication, cultural differences lead to significant challenges. The participants in this study are employees of this company, who have experience working with foreign delegates, specifically, Russian, American, and Chinese. These will share their experiences and major challenges in their dealings with the foreign delegates. Methodology This study aims at gathering information concerning the experiences of the employees of the Sharjah Chamber of Commerce & Industry in dealing with delegates of Russian, American, and Chinese origins. The experiences of participants reflect their attitudes toward the foreign delegates, therefore, this study explores subjective data. Therefore, in order to achieve the aims of this study, a qualitative approach will be employed, as this is concerned with subjectivity understanding.

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks Essay Example for Free

Enhancing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ne cardinalrks EssayAbstract The IEEE 802.11 standard for tuner intercommunicate is a very primal standard especially today that wireless technologies ar very popular due to its effectiveness and implementfulness. However, the standard supports the use of omni-directional approach which radiates and receives blesss in all directions that does not support spatial reuse and does not have high capacity and assume. Research studies show the benefits and advantages of victimisation directional advances instead of omni-directional approach in wireless networks.Spatial reuse and high capacity ar both very primal especially today that the wireless networks are progressively deployed due to the demand and needs of the users. But, as mentioned, IEEE 802.11 supports the utilisation of omni-directional antenna and not of directional antenna, thus to be able for directional antenna to be at its optimal use, the IEEE 802.11 protocols must be am ended to be able to address problems associated with the use of directional antenna. Directional antenna or directivity of an antenna prat be created employ antenna elements that are combined to cause an arrange. Smart antennas which are becoming popular today have achieved directivity due to the techniques employs with it. insertion Due to technological development in entropy and tele converses during the past years, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) of the United States developed standards and guidelines to ensure orderly transfer of information amongst two or more data communication systems using different equipment with different needs. Standards and protocols are useable in ensuring that equipments such as computers, unsettled phones, and communication devices from different manufacturers and providers have established compatibility and interoperability. However, due to rapid technological development and introduction of newer technologies brought about by the increasing demands and needs of users, some standards are take to be enhance and improved. This is because as newer technologies are created, more and more data are needed to be transmitted requiring more capacity for the existing infrastructures. If standards and protocols are not improved, existing communication infrastructures will only have limited capacity causing serious problems such as interference and slow speed. plenty nowadays always demand for real-time communication of various data such as video, audio, pictures and multimedia. Background One of the most innovative technologies today has been the wireless communication technology. Wireless technology encompasses the use of television and radio, mobile phones, wireless internet connection and computing system which are all very important for communication needs, eliminating the need for cables and wires and making possible the communication even in the remotest areas as along as there is available signal.WLANs increased the degree of mobility which are not possible using the conventional local area networks. In mobile phone communication alone, development has been tremendous that from analogue to GSM, now comes the 3G and 4G mobile systems. In the internet technology, connections have developed from ISDN to dial-up to DSL and now Wireless LAN which is very popular today. intercourse between computers and mobile phones are alike now possible with the GPRS technology. These technologies are primarily intended for easy and real-time communication brought about by fast-paced lifestyle of battalion and in like manner because of globalization. expeditious data and communications have become important for personal, professional, and business use. Because there are so many manufacturers and service providers from different locations, and also because of the popularity of these technologies, the IEEE developed the IEEE 802.11 which is a standard particularly intended for Wireles s Local Area Networks.However, as WLAN experienced development and are improved, the IEEE 802.11 is also needed to be enhanced to be able for WLANs to be at their optimum performance. Additionally, because of the many uses and demands for WLAN, it has been increasing deployed causing interference between transmissions. Interference in data communications is a serious problem for it ca utilise delay of transmission and alterations or distortion of signals that caused unreliable, unclear and error in messages received.The use of directional antenna is a well know method acting to reduce interference and to increase the range and capacity of wireless networks (Zhu et al, 2005). However, the IEEE 802.11 is not designed for the use of directional antennas. This project which is focussed on the enhancement of the IEEE 802.11 using directional antennas and multiple manslayers is important to be able to determine in-depth what improvement and advantages dejection directional antennas and multi- pass catchers burn contri preciselye to the flowing IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networks standard. literature Review This part of this proposal limited reviews literatures that describe the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard in details to be able to determine the needs for the enhancement of the standard. The literature review also provides previous look for about the functions and advantages of directional antennas This review is a brief discussion providing an overview of the detailed review of literatures that will be provided in the chapters of the explore find out.3.1. The IEEE 802.11 Wireless Network Standard Aside from promoting interoperability, the IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless network was created to deliver services that were previously found only in wired networks but have been found out to be possible using wireless networks to achieve high throughput for highly reliable data delivery and for continuous network connection (Ergen, 2002). As a standard, the IEEE 802.11 established the network architecture, components, type of equipments and set of services offered that must be complied with by wireless network administrators and providers. These are also known as the physical mold and that IEEE 802.11 WLAN standard provides a number of physical layer options in terms of data rates, modulation types and airing spectrum techniques (Ergen, 2002).This means that the medium, the path that the signal transmitted and received via the WLAN, the range, location, frequency to be used and the type of antenna to be used are all stubborn by the IEEE 802.11 standard. IEEE 802.11 does not only specify the physical layer characteristics but also the link layer protocol for medium access in lot channels (Dham, 2003). The medium access control protocol is designed for the specified physical layer characteristics thus any changes made in the physical layer also requires significant alterations in the MAC protocol. The MAC layer of the standard defines two diffe rent access modes the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and the Point Coordination Function (PCF) (Xu Saadawi, 2003). DCF is a machine which is a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with encounter Avoidance.The standard allows the use of a basic access method or an optional handshaking which is done by exchanging Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) messages which are also the skeletal system sent from the source to the destination and an acknowledgement from the destination that the frame was received correctly (Erger, 2005). These frames or control packets contain the proposed duration of data transmission while nodes or stations within the vicinity of communicating nodes consume either of these control packets and suspend transmission for this proposed duration (Choudhury et al, 2002). This process unable the nodes or devices to communicate directly with all other devices and for a wireless device to be able to transmit and receive at the same time thus the IEEE 80 2.11 MAC implements a network allocation vector (NAV) which is a nurture that indicates to a station the amount of time that remains before the medium becomes available (Erger, 2005). With this standard, directional antenna is obviously not utilised because in using directional antennas, it is possible to carry out multiple transmissions in the same neighbourhood provided that the beamwidth of the directional transmissions is not very large (Choudhury et al, 2002).3.2. The Directional Antenna An antenna is one or more electrical conductors of a specialised length that transmits radio waves generated by a transmitter or that collects radio waves at the receiver (Frenzel, 1994). It is a basic component of every wireless networks, thus it must be chosen carefully depending on how it will be used. WLAN ordinarily used omni-directional antenna which allows for transmission and reception of messages in any direction (Frenzel, 1994) which is commonly used in wireless internet connection s and wireless telecommunications.However, because the transmitted signal is exposed in any direction, interference with other signal has been a problem. In search for the solution with the problem of interference, various look into (Dham, 2003 Zhu et al, 2005 Choudhury et al, 2002) have been focused on the use of directional antenna in WLANs. The primary advantage of directional antenna is that it eliminates interference from other signals being received from all directions drop the direction of the desired signal (Frenzel, 1994). It was found out that the use of directional antenna for transmission gives the highest capacity, allows spectrum reuse, and provides range extension (Zhu et al, 2005). At the receiver, the antenna is pointed directly at the station to be received thus rejecting signals from transmitters in all other directions (Frenzel, 1994). Another advantage of directional antenna over omni-directional is that there is greater energy of power transmission while whe n omni-directional antenna is used at the transmitter side the transmitted power goes off in all directions wasting a significant amount of power (Frenzel, 1994). It is argued that all messages should be sent in directional mode to take advantage of this gain (Zhu et al, 2005). Choudhury et al (2002) conducted a break down and proposed a protocol that exploits the benefits of using directional antenna namely spatial reuse and higher transmission range. On the other hand, the use of directional antenna also poses some problems such as higher collision probability.That is, as space is segmented and the carrier is reused with directional antennas, the amount of MAC information needed for conflict-free transmission increases (Zhu et al, 2005). Because the current IEEE 802.11 standard does not support spatial reuse, several problems may occur when directional antennas are used without changing the modifying the existing protocol.Collision occurs due to the deafness of the nodes as thes e nodes are immersed in only one direction. And because of this deafness, the transmitting nodes will send RTS packets repeatedly which is a waste of bandwidth (Zhu et al, 2005). The research field of operations conducted by Zhu et al (2005) focused on solving the problems caused by the spatial reuse which is higher collision probability and proposed a protocol called sectorised 802.11 MAC protocol. These two studies along with the other studies serve as the framework of this research.To create an antenna with directivity and gain, two or more antenna elements are combined to form what is known as an array (Frenzel, 1994). Antenna array has the capability of spatial signal separation and could radiate frequency energy towards a desired receiver with narrow beamwidth and null towards an interfering terminal to reduce the negative impact of multi-path and co-channel interference (Zhou, 2006). Phased array antenna systems are an example of an array. Phased array antennas consist of an array of antenna elements connected by a feeder or adder network arranged so that their individual signals combine to provide maximum gain in one direction while minimising it in other directions (Dham, 2003).There is also what is called smart antenna which is consist of multiple antenna elements arranged in a special configuration and connected through complex weights (Zhou, 2006). Smart antenna Switched beam and adaptive array antenna are the two major(ip) categories of smart antenna. Switched beam is the simplest smart antenna with a number of fixed beams in predetermined directions at the antenna site (Zhou, 2006).Adaptive array on the other hand uses a complex signal processing algorithm to continuously detect multi-path and interference among desired signal (Zhou, 2006). The studies about the applications of smart antennas in wireless networks are also related and will be useful in the completion of this research study. Zhou (2006) added that a smart antenna can be applied to all current major wireless protocols and industrial standards to achieve higher system capacity, larger network coverage and higher data rate thus smart antenna must be further investigated to determine what it can contribute to the enhancement of IEEE 802.11 with directional antennas. Aims and Objectives In conducting any research, it is important that definite sets of clinicals are present. These objectives will serve as the researchers guide in conducting the data gathering, data analysis and conclusion formulation. The primary objective of the research is to provide a protocol designed for the utilisation of directional antennas in wireless local area networks. Such protocol is proposed to be used in the deployment of WLAN using directional antennas thus it includes some amendments on the original standards, architecture, and physical layer.However, this commonplace aim is an umbrella objective that would dictate the general path that the research will take. Within this umbre lla objective are the specific aims of the research that will allow the researcher to touch the important aspects of the topic. These specific aims are the followingTo identify the problems associated with the current protocols to determine the necessary adjustments or enhancement that are needed to be doneTo determine the characteristics of directional antennas and what it can contribute to improve the capabilities of the wireless local area networksTo evaluate the advantages of having multiple receivers in wireless local area networksTo investigate on the differences of the current protocol and the proposed protocol and determine the limitations of the latter andTo test the effectiveness of the proposed standard. Intellectual Challenge The most intellectual challenge on this research is the proposal itself. The IEEE 802.11 is developed by reliable engineers and to propose an enhancement for this standard is a big challenge thus the research study should be based on reliable data. The proposed protocol should also be tested on using a prototype and accurate calculations to ensure that the outcome of the studies is viable. Research Program6.1 Research MethodologyThe method of collecting data for the dissertation will be composed of two methodologies. The first methodology is review of related literature or secondary sources. Reviewing earlier studies and other related literature would allow the researcher to become beaten(prenominal) with the already accepted theories and statements pertaining to the topic. The sources should be from technical books, journals, earlier theses and published articles technical organisations such as the IEEE.The second methodology would be surveys and personal interviews. Technical professionals like engineers and technicians from different communication network companies and Internet service providers (ISP) will be surveyed using questionnaires that include questions that will determine the problems encountered with WLAN particu larly with the use of the antennas they currently utilise, the solutions they are implementing and the improvement they would like to suggest and impose with the current standards. It is important that the views of these people be collected since they are the ones who are immersed in the realities of the WLAN conditions. They will be able to provide insights that will help the researcher in evaluating the current IEEE standard.This study will be using the descriptive research method where the general part of the paper will be dedicated to the description of the theater of operations in question. Descriptive research intends to present facts concerning the nature and status of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study (Creswell, 1994). It is also concerned with relationships and practices that exist, beliefs and processes that are ongoing, cause that are being felt, or trends that are developing. In addition, such approach tries to describe present conditions, events or sy stems based on the impressions or reactions of the respondents of the research (Creswell, 1994).The use of the descriptive method also suggests that the research will be focusing on obtaining qualitative data. soft research is an umbrella that refers to various research traditions and strategies. The research will be carried out systematically. First, the researcher needs to review previous literature about the topic. This will allow the research the researcher to become familiar with what is already known about the topic. This will also allow the researcher to formulate the appropriate questionnaire that will be able to extract the most useful data.After the questionnaires have been completed, the researcher will have to tally the results and compare it with the findings of previous studies. If the finding of the research is the same as the findings of previous studies then the research can be supported by the findings of previous studies. On the other hand, if the findings of the research do not agree with past studies then the researcher must look back on previous studies to check if the findings of the studies are supported by other findings. This will ensure that the results of the research are not uncaring and have been tested by other researches.6.2 ScheduleThe Gantt chart below shows the schedule of activities involved in conducting the research study.ActivityDate1st calendar month2nd Month3rd Month4th MonthData Gathering/Survey, Personal InterviewReview of earlier studies and related literature/ synopsis of data collectedWriting of the First DraftDevelopment, Testing, Analysis, Evaluation and DocumentationRevision of the studyFormulation of the conclusionCompletion of WritingPrinting and book binding of documentsSubmission Deliverables The research study will be organised as followsA chapter describing the IEEE 802.11A chapter describing the antenna used in WLAN and the problems using non-directional antennasA chapter describing the analysis of th e problemsA chapter that presents the data collected and the analyses of those dataA chapter for the proposed solutions and the methods for testing the solutionsA chapter that serves as documentations of the testing, calculations involved and evaluation of the proposed solutions Resources As already mentioned, this research study is highly technical nature thus resources must be from reliable sources such as the IEEE itself that developed the standard that will be enhanced and the connexion for Computing Machinery which is an organisation that publishes reliable sources about computing and related technology. ACM also has a digital library where various literatures can be accessed.The World full(a) Web is also be used as a source where different latest articles and journals can be found. University and public libraries will also be used where books that discuss the basic concepts of the subject and topics involved can be found. The researcher will need the cooperation of technical professionals, technicians and engineers whose personal knowledge will be needed as they answer the survey questionnaires. The researcher will also need to collaborate with an ISP or a network company to test the proposed standard, determine its effectiveness as well as its shortcomings.ReferencesChoudhury, R., Yang, X., Ramanathan, R., and Vaidya, N. (2002) Using DirectionalAntennas for Medium Access Control in Ad Hoc Networks, MOBICOM02, ACM Georgia, USACreswell, J.W. (1994). Research design Qualitative and quantitative approaches.Thousand Oaks, CA SageDham, Vikram (2003) Link Establishment in Ad Hoc Networks Using Smart AntennasThesis in Master of Science in Electrical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05072003-180228/unrestricted/etd.pdfErger, Mustafa (2002) IEEE 802.11 Tutorial, Department of Electrical Engineering andComputer Science, University of California Ber keley,Retrieved online on Dec. 13, 2006 http//www.eecs.berkeley.edu/ergen/docs/ieee.pdfFrenzel, Louis (1994) Communication Electronics 2nd edition,Glencoe Macmillan/McGraw-Hill SingaporeXu, Shugong Saadawi, Tarek (2003) Does IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol Work Well inMulti-hop Wireless Ad Hoc Networks? Dept. of Electrical Engineering, City University of New York retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//academic.csuohio.edu/yuc/mobile03/0415-xu.pdfZhu, Chenxi, Nadeem, tame and Agre, Jonathan (2005) Enhancing 802.11 WirelessNetworks with Directional Antenna and Multiple Receivers, Fujitsu Laboratories of America, retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//www.flacp.fujitsulabs.com/TM-PCR-TM-21.pdfZhou, Hao (2006) The Improvements in Ad Hoc Routing and Network Performance with Directional Antennas, Department of Electrical and Communications Engineering, capital of Finland University of Technology,Retrieved online on December 13, 2006 http//lib.tkk.fi/Dipl/2006/urn007316.pdf

Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro Essay Example for Free

Assessment of the Extent by which the Introduction of Euro EssayJanuary 1, 1999 was a memorable date for el change surface European Countries as this became the official date that they receive distinguish to adopt the Euro as their official m bingley. All eleven countries would undergo transposes in their musical arrangements peculiarly the currencies by which they would adopt an official convert compute that would arrange their circulation.The new coin would beat circulation in their respective countries and would because accommodate the transactions that would resolvent from transnational trade with their allied countries. Allied countries are the countries be to the European cunning married couple. They are bound by the cause of establishing their economies originationwide as a major(ip) economy like the US. Little by little, the currencies mark, guilder, punt, and franc ceased to exist. It was in January of 2002 that all of the twelve countries get d gi ve fully applied the transition from their native currencies to the new currency.See more how to start an essay ab egress yourself for college From its initial release, fears sprang forth from the population, especially that of the merchandise. First would be the rising harms. It occurred to the citizenry that the conversion of their old currency versus the Euro might be affected by the factor of inflation. They feared that the inflation would similarly end in the weakening of their respective economies and added burden to the population. Second fear would be that the delivery of the new currencies in banks might rouse plans of robberies and would then fail the organisations plan of replacing their old currency. Another fear of the people would be the replacing of the currencies whitethorn not be accepted by their aver people.The currency yield enormous been a symbol of a countries individuality and pride that it might be a futile attempt to replace it with a new currenc y that involves other countries and would therefore be an extinct example of national pride. Furthermore, the treasure of inflation would greatly affect a commonwealths exchange of the old currency to the new currency. The greater the inflation would result lower amounts of Euro that a unsophisticated would get. Second, for a standardization of emergent currencies would mean that banks learn to be equipped with the currency in order for them to accommodate the exchange that the population would pick out.In the process of transportation of the currency, there may be a possibility of occurrence a robbery by which the banks may not be able to receive the currencies needed for the exchange by the population. This would result to inflation since the central bank would have to produce more property than the actual measure of its resources that we all k like a shot contri providedes to the factor of inflation.And lastly, the general acceptance of the public of the currency is a ver y important factor since this would affect the overall trade and economy of the country. Since the currency is generally viewed as a countrys identity, it house be predicted that the country would not accept the new currency that would be a medium of exchange between its allies, losing its won countrys identity in the process. However, the results were of the opposite as each countrys people accepted the currency as they believed that the currency may be the answer to their scotch problems. These fears be to be of no basis as people readily accepted the new policy for their new currency. This was someship canal given a disallow vibe as it looked liked their countrymen easily gave up a symbol national pride. But this was overly informed thru economics. M unmatchabley is still money thus it was employ as something that would provide you with needs such as food, clothing and other necessities. It became evident then that the introduced currency was preferred by the greater numbe r. The new currency also brought about quite a devout side of the economy. Gains were scattered here and there as transaction cost have fallen. This was explained that the conversion costs were stripped by the conversion of the twelve countries monetary units. It became easier to transact with other countries with the use of the Euro. It also brought about the completion of the European Monetary Union.With this, the member countries would turn out bigger gains in their growth and steady in the international grocery store. Before the heart was established, barriers delay to be visible as banks still charge high(prenominal) grade in inter-territorial transactions. With this barrier, domestic transactions would be preferred by the people. With this new monetary policy, barriers have disappeared and transaction costs have been made changeless louvreishedout the countries of its members. The framework of the union remains complete and no finance ministry of the member countries wanted to be in charge of the said framework, especially that of the finance and fiscal part. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guide boundarys of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a peculiar(prenominal) change would occur that involves a countrys economy, frameworks are done to study the do that would be associated with the change.Although this is the case, the change in the currency may be the catalyst for change in the member countries target reforms. The said framework is the framework by which the European Union has agreed to be the guidelines of the system of the implementation for the new currency Euro. Before a specific change would occur that involves a countrys economy, frameworks are done to study the printinguate that would be associated with the change. The target reforms are those reforms in which the countries have conceived for their countries.These reforms are in connection to t he change in the currency, notwithstanding are not discussed with the European Union. Since these topics are different from those of the other member countries, they do not discuss this in the meetings of the currency change since the best use up of the European Union is a major economic change in their region, and not only of specific countries. With this, the countries would begin the change in economic policies that would jumpstart economies in synchronization with the change in currency.Differences in taxation would a bob up as it would be under observation of each countrys finance ministry. With this, the union would want to target standardization of taxes. This would greatly help the export and import sector as the countries would then be force playd to standardize the taxes and tariffs on the goods that they ship. Integration would also be achieved as the basic unit of currency for all members would be that of the Euro.The last good thing brought about by the disposal of t he Euro as currency is that the member countries prove a way to reform other sectors and even bring the other countries closer to them. Other sectors that do not flourish because of the exchange score begin to be of better state when the change occurred. Furthermore, the countries that benefited from the change in currency, especially that of the countries that have the abovementioned sectors, got closer in hopes of do the other sectors that are connected to the aforesaid(prenominal) sectors.For example, the agriculture sector was jumpstarted, so the other countries would begin to have major ties with other member countries that have sectors that benefit from agriculture like beverage industries and the like. The result would be less taxes and tariffs in exchange for other advantageous measures for the agricultural country. This also enabled them to make new systems that would be for the benefit not only of one country entirely all of them. They also found out that different pol icies can be made as one and this paved way for the making of new policies that may be all-encompassing in their point of views. Although this may be the case we should still take a closer look in the set up of the establishment of the Euro as the new monetary value for the European Union. Things that we would use in this analysis would be that of the immersion role model Using Absorption Model to explain the arrange of devaluation on national income, employment case, trade effect, significant equilibrate effect, income redistribution effect, money illusion effect, expectation effect,Laursen-Metzler effect, and so on Mundell-Fleming Model and explain the chart both internal and external aspects Analysis of the stability of impertinent exchange grocery, and elasticity approach to correspondence of payment according to Marshall-Lerner originator and finally Foreign exchange risk (foreign currency)for importers, exporters, and investors. To start of, we have to explain the d ifferent measures that we have to use. The Absorption Model or Approach makes use of the balance of payments and exchange rate as the factors or determinants in the measure of the documentary domestic income of a nation. This approach treats prices as the constants, making the other factors as real measures. A nations real income may be measured as the sum of the governments expenditures, consumption, investments and exports. The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money grant would lower domestic interest rates than that of the international rate.Essentially, the Euro is in effect in the export/import markets that would be in relation to the countrys overall economy because of the exchange rates that would be in effect of a countrys money supply. Net export would then increase as local anaesthetic goods would go away cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then reducing as demand would decrease, in turn, exports also increase to m eet the demand of high exports. An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country.In this case, as the union travel to change its currency, the money supply change magnitude to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply made a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income. The Foreign transposition Risk would also be taken into account as this involves the probability that an investor, exporter or importer would earn how much they would ear, and if they would lose. This gains or losses are commonly cogitate to the exchange rates of the two countries involved in the transaction. This also shows whether a country has a weaker currency compared to another. By this, we would b e able to show if the establishment of the new currency eliminates this factors as this factors are also related to the barriers of trade between the member countries. Meanwhile, the Lauren-Metzler effect determines the effect of savings and net exports and consequently, in the acquire causation due to a favorable terms-of-trade shock in the improvement in real income. This draws our attention to the state of the economy in exports and imports with respect to its exchange rate. The Marshall-Lerner Condition explains that a devaluation in the currency leads a positive effect in the trades as it increases the demand for exports, self-aggrandizing the country more real income. This lays out the positive effect of the devaluation of the Euro currency at first and how it affected the economy of the member countries. Finally, with all these factors mentioned, how did it affect the member countries generally? What are the aspects of the Euro-member countries that have change thru the establishment of the new currency, Euro, into their respective economies? We start off the analysis with the discussion of the set up. The Mundell-Fleming Model states that an increase in the money supply would lower domestic interest rates than that of the global rate. The money supply is the black line denoted in the figure above, while the red line denotes the interest rate. The movement in the money supply curve towards the right decreases the interest rate since it does not shift. The shift would occur as the interest rate moves to an equilibrium. With the same effect in the graph of net exports and imports, the figure above agrees with the first figure on the effect of the money supply. Net export would then increase as local goods would become cheaper than that of the imported goods. Consequently, imports would then decrease as demand would decrease, in turn, exports al so increase to meet the demand of higher exports.An increase in the net exports would force the Investment/Savings towards the level of the global interest rate. This equalizer increases the income of the economy of the country. In this case, as the union moved to change its currency, the money supply increased to accommodate the public in the changing of currencies. As this adjustment takes place, the effect of the supply mad a change in the export market as the demand for exports and imports changed. The increase in the net export in the end, gave the country an increase in its income. Meanwhile, the change in government expenditure caused an increase in the local interest rate that caused the currency to be stronger than other foreign currencies. This may be the effect that happened to the member countries as they have decrease the foreign currencies (member countries having the same currency) and by this durabilityened their currencies against the US dollar. This all the same , increases the net import and net export decreases. The increase would also trigger the global interest to equalize with the local interest. On the side of the global interest rate, however, since the net export increased, this prompted a slight weakening of the Euro but also increased exports, making the Euro available to the world market. An increase of the net export would weaken the Euro since the exchange rate would then be fixed with other countries. This would be comparable to making domestic shipments that would uncomplete benefit nor harm a countrys economy. At the same time, since the Euro has become their medium of exchange then the currency would be available to the market as this would be exchanged in the world market. Availability of the currency would ensure circulation in the world market, employing the stabilization of the currency in the world market.As the Euro weakened, exports flowed out of the country and this in effect increased the net income of the member countries. However, as the local interest rate closed in on the global interest rate. The global interest rate affects the currencies indirectly by affecting a countrys income through the import/export market. The Euro seemed to strengthen and this somehow stabilized the new currency.Elasticities are the rate of reaction by which a good undergoes whenever a change in demand occurs. The next model would explain the effect of the Euro in the demand and the reaction of the goods with the new currency available. In the Elasticities Approach, the Euro countries were forced to make the demand and supplies elastic in order for them to have a smaller depreciation in their current accounts deficit. By doing this, they begin to slowly, recover the current accounts deficit and last overcome it. With this situation, elasticities would then be slowly changed. As the global interest rates effectuate as shown by the previous models, the effect of it in the real income made the change in the elas ticities possible. Thus The effects on the savings of the real income and savings of each country may be further explained by now. Since the increase in savings and net exports was explained through the change in the level of the global interest rates, the improvement in real income is then realized through the increase in the purchasing power of exports. This then proved to be of positive effects on the member countries as this somehow, improved the real income in the economies of the member countries.Lauren-Metzler Model in simpleton representation. The Lauren-Metzler Model can be further explained by the rate of change not only in export-import fabrication but also that of the effect of these changes in the exchange rates. As the exchange rates between member companies remain constant because of the uniformality of their currency what would transpire is the difference in the currency between the member-countries and its export-import industry and the exchange rate. Sinc e an increase in the export can be viewed as an indication of a weaker currency, this also indicates that the real income of the country experiencing the export growth is on the rise.This would eventually be accompanied by the change of its currency as the end product. At the same time, the demand of the member-countries import market tends to be on the lower level as their currency seemed to be of the weaker quality. The positive effect on this however is that this picture encouraged the internal flow of the currency until the supply of imports and demand equalizes in equilibrium. When the time approached however, the Euro appeared to be of better quality with respect to the change in its real income and the real income of other countries that are members of the European Union. With these factors in mind, we shift our sights into what happened in the exchange rates.The fill in rates of the Euro seemed to be on the decrease at first because of the lower currency as compared to oth ers but eventually proved that it would only be momentary as the real income boosted the exchange rate, eventually ending up higher than the US dollar at a certain time. This, together with the positive effects on the import-export market made much difference, not only to the emerging currency but also to the emerging unions countries economies. The emerging unions countries are the countries that are members of the European Trade Union that has the highest upward boost of the economies. Since not all of the countries had a very high boost, the most significant boosts came from these countries.Significance would differ from each perspective. In more simple terms, the effect of the lower currency (Euro was weak at first) was the improvement of the export market. But since the income effect boosted the currency as it is also a factor of the economy of a country, then combining it with the positive effects of the Euros strengthening, the countries that use Euro become boosted and impro ve their Economies. And since the Economy of the countries rose at an improved rate, the currency got boosted in the same way that the economies of member countries raised. With the price on the y-axis and the x-axis denoting that of the quantity, the fall of the currency at first with respect to the rise in the export rate, implied a shift in the curve of the currency (red curve) to the right, denoting that in the long run, an export rate rise would result to a strong currency. The fall of the currency at first would be only due to the exchange rate and floatation costs. In the Absorption Approach, the balance of payments and exchange rates is examined to the effects of it in the measure of the real income of a nation. The Absorption Approach is significant since this measures the balance of payments and exchange rates and how these affect the real income of a country. The two factors considered are said to be the considering factors in the since the effects considered are those th at are in kindred to the income and economy. If the real income improves faster than that of the absorption, then the currency would rise. This may be the effect as the Euro strengthened in the first quarter of 2002, handsome their value higher than the stable US dollar.The effects of the devaluation of the currency on national income seemed to be on the positive side as this increased their net exports, therefore giving them an improved real income for the economy. The employment then rose as an effect of the economys improvement of real income. This was enabled as the countries to attract more investors, creating hypothecate opportunities for their people. The overall employment effect on the member countries followed to a positive tune. satisfying balance increased as it accompanies the effect of real income. An increase in real income increases the real balance of the economy. This is essential to the analysis because this enables us to see the investing potential and the fin ancial capability by which the country could bear itself.(Flood, 2006) The specific question to be asked how does the country fare with its neighboring countries economies in their real balances? This is very important as this may measure the stability of the country especially in the eyes of potential investors that may think of putting up businesses and other ventures in the European Countries.Basic supply and demand in the Trade EffectBasic y-axis of price and x-axis denoted by quantity, the shift in the supply curve was due to the invisible hand of the law of supply and demand. Trade effect also became evident as the laws of supply and demand are constantly in the work. The increase in the quantity demanded ensured the right path of the trade effect to the plans of the European Union. This enabled them to exercise the free-trade among its co-members. This also enforced the Euro consequently as it continued to circulate non-stop among the member countries. This also ensured that not only is the market gaining in stocks, it also ensured a strong currency that may be strengthening in the future. The money illusion decreased as the negative views in unemployment and inflation subside. The unemployment rates subside creating a hole in which they could throw the unemployment problem and bury it there. The inflation was treated the same way as neighboring countries would also find out the same way as they also have the same currency as the country they have. The money illusion is essential in explaining the other rise in the economy including the abovementioned factor of unemployment and inflation. To reinforce this, the money illusion would have to decrease as this affects the unemployment by reinforcement. A decrease would also mean that the unemployment rate is decreasing, which is a measure of a countrys economy. The unity of the currency forged the singleness of mind that was needed to erase the doubts governed by the unemployment and inflation. The expecta tion effect of these occurrences may result to the expectance of more Nash equilibriums, where everyone would be on a stable state. The Nash equilibrium employed in this part deals with the output and expenditure ratio. The more that a government puts input should generate a proportional output in this case, income. As the reliance of the people on the currency grows and their reliance towards the stability of the currency, they would come to terms that they have indeed been placed in good fortunes.This would lead to the stability of the minds of employees, and in turn to the investor that made the investment or business. The stability of minds would be the likelihood that an employee would remain in the job rather than find their jobs elsewhere. This occurs when the currency of a country remains weak despite the efforts of the workforce to bring it on a development. With these effects in hand, it became evident that the issue of the Euro has been a good sign for the economy and ev en looked better in the eyes of the common people as they have been provided work and salary, and even the pride of having their currency among the top as one of the most stable. 13. The Marshall-Lerner Condition further enforced that the decrease in the value of the Euro at first improved the real income of each member. The effect of the devaluation increased their exports, raking in income more then before. As a currency gets weak, demands of good from the country with the weak currency increases. The goods react spontaneously, or elasticly. The rise in demand raises the price of its goods and with this the rise in income is justified.The chain effect would be the strengthening of a nations economy, ending up with currency stability. After which, as the currency begins to regain the strength, the exports would decrease as importers from other countries realize that the price of goods increased, decreasing their profits. However, the export industry of the host country is unharmed as other European member nations see this as an opportunity to increase their imports from the country with the same currency as them, increasing demands for export from the country in question. With this, the export and import market stabilized.This effect not only increased the income of the exporters, but the economy as well. The short-run effect of the condition is further shown as the currency approached its strengthening thru the increase of real income, the export then decreased. Furthermore, the law of demand states that, a decrease in the price of a commodity, then an increase in demand would be evident an increase in price however would put the demand down until equilibrium happens. In this case, the price of exports decreases, paving way for the increase in the exports and consequent rise in the countrys income. This would also be affected by the consequent taking place of the equilibrium that would happen as the supply would be able to meet the demand, giving the market an equilibrium quantity.As there were shifts in the part of the supply (black) and demand (red) curves, the equilibrium price of commodities would also make a change. The price line is the broken lines with the color blue. Taking in mind that the y-axis would be the price and the x-axis is the quantity, the decrease in demand, coupled with the increase in supply, not only decreased price but also made the equilibrium quantity lower than before. One of the places that the change showed great effects would be that of the financial markets, the bond certificates/stock market being the main targets. Main issues have risen that the European stock and bonds are very much volatile.This proved that the policy makers of the European Union have set their eyes in the processes towards the financial integration of its members. This started off with the introduction of the new currency. The release of the new currency was seen as one of the initiatives made by the Union to integrate the financ ial aspects of each. It looked like a very good move on their part as real income of the member countries went on a rise during the initial stages of the developments. The effect of the large demand for the stocks and bonds from the European Union and its sudden drop is something out of the ordinary for other countries. It seemed like they failed to account for the strength of the member countries and their foresight on financial market as they were surprised with the sudden rise in this new commodity. We therefore have to take an even closer look at the effects at the financial markets. Before the emergence of the Euro, aggregate European Bonds, mainly caused by own bond market effects and that of the aggregate effects of European Bonds, made significant effects on the conditional variances, as this reflects unexpected returns. In addition to that, US bond and stock markets represents a fairly large space in the market. However, after the Euro was made to be a reality, the US marke ts only became second-runners after that of the European Union.(McCreevy, 2006) This also caused a decrease in the effect of their own bond markets and its not just a decrease but a dramatic decrease in their part. Also before the Euro emergence, a significant volatility spillover is present in the US bond markets. But after the Euro emerged, it seemed like a woolgather come true for the European countries as the spillover have changed. Not only was the European Bond become in demand in the market but it also proved to be of commanding force in the Stock Market. After the emergence of the As mentioned earlier, the US was just second then to the European Bonds and Stocks. This happened in 2003.(2004)In the introduction of European Bonds and Securities in 1999, it has successfully grown from 9% to 14% shares. Also in 2003, Euros currency in international bank notes has overtaken USs 40.5 and emerged with a 43.5.( as a percentage of outstanding volume totaling to 100) This was further reinforced by the fact that before the emergence of the Unions own stocks, the US commands the market. However, that all changed with the appearance of the European Bonds, giving the US market someone to contend with in terms of leading in the market. The financial market offered many effects in various submarkets. The capital market, for one, tries to keep the inflation in check this past days.(Dennis, 2006) It seems that the first effects were very good that they didnt seem to think the effect on their capital market would be these troublesome. On the other hand, the equities market is also paltry as the inflation kicks in on their prices. It seemed they cannot cope with the inflation that continues to rise. However, in the place of Currencies, the Eurozone countries may be in a winning mood as they continue to outpace the US by their good growth.(Atkins, 2006)The bonds market is also sharing some suffering although not that evident. What the bonds market shows ,however, is a p ositive view in the future as it slowly goes for a good turn. The commodities market is also suffering a loss as they import more oil. This is not a very good sign for the Euro as oil is a very important commodity. However, this is just as normal as everyone else, says analysts.(Chisholm, 2006) The overall effects of these economic theories have been equally represented and analyzed, what then remained is the effect in the foreign exchange market. The foreign exchange found that the weak-at-first currency strengthened as the economic forces turned into their works. The Euro eventually found its way to the top and eventually became one of the top currencies in the foreign exchange. The Euro is now currently viewed as one of the high currencies and is even viewed in the market as one of the stables, aligning itself to the dollar and yen. Market analysts view the currency as one of the top as it tends to appreciate more than devaluate. The GDP and the GNP of the Euro countries are suf fering on a low this 2006 and it was issued as a great challenge for the European Union to make policies that may prevent this.(Flood, 2006) This was stressed out earlier in the elasticities effect and the absorption approach. This may be overcome in many ways possible but it would be for the policymakers to do. The PPP and the PFI was sought for improvement of the economy and as of the plans in 2002(2002), few were impressed by the effect of the Euro on these. However, as 2006 draws to a close in December, it would be wise for the policymakers to rethink their strategies. The sudden emergence of the new currency, Euro, was such a surprise that the market adjusted drastically. This proved to be of good sign for the members of the European Union as this eventually lead to the leadership of the stock markets and bond markets abroad. This also lead to the development of their own countries as far as the union is concerned. More businesses have been established, more investors expressin g interest in putting up enterprises in the European Unions member countries, perspective buyers in the financial markets looking for more of bonds and stock belonging to the Union, and even the population of the European Union expressing relief that after the outstanding Depression, there appeared a silver lining that would express hope for their economies. Furthermore, the effect on the financial market is good as it removed the exchange rate risk involved in the international trade. Exchange rate risk was great before since the countries of the union have different currencies. However, with the emergence of the Euro, investors can now remove the exchange rate risk in their concerns since this is not present anymore. Countries of the Union can now trade with each other without having to think of the floatation risks that involve the exchange rate risk. The removal of this factor was about the same time that the changeover was made in 2002. (2001) The smart move of the European un ion may be brought about by the good planning of the financial ministries that governed them. The taking advantage of the lower currency at first to increase their real income, the lowering of its local interest seemed to be a well-planned way to be at par with a superpower such as the US. Now that they have the upperhand in the stock and bonds market, economists wonder on what else is next on the agenda of the European Union, now that they have proven to the world that their combined currency would pass on and command stability in their areas. This also seemed a good bragging right to their decision making skills as more of the European Countries seek rank to the Union. With this in their worksheets, they can again make another policy that would again prove to be of great importance to the history of World Economics. The replacement of the currencies by the Euro may have been a smart move after all. It didnt look that bad and it never looked like throwing out of national sympathie s eventually. But thus, it looked like a well-orchestrated plan of the European Union to gain access to the top echelons of the world market. Now that they have gained access, it seemed like there would be no fillet the union in toppling the US as an economic superpower and industrial zone. Now that the other members are continuing their development, and not just by the numbers, but on exponential terms, there might be bright things to look forward to in the years to come.BIBLIOGRAPHIESAntweiler, W. 2001. The Euro Europes New Currency. PACIFIC Exchange Rate Service. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//fx.sauder.ubc.ca/euro/)Bloomberg, L. P. 2006. European Economies German Inflation Accelerated in July.. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//quote.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000100sid=aRiIykJOsbMkrefer=germany)Biz/Ed. 2006. Marshall-Lerner Condition. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.bized.co.uk/virtual/vla/theories/marshall_lerner.htm)Christiansen, C. 2004. Decomp osing European Bond and Equity Volatility. Aarhus School of Business. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.hha.dk/afl/wp/fin/F_2004_01.pdf)CNN.com.2000 IMF offers bleak assessment of the euro. Cable News Network. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/europe/09/19/czech.imf/index.html)Daniels, P.D. VanHoose, D. D. International Monetary and Finance Economics (3rd Edition) Balance-of-Payment and Exchange-rate determination.Thomas Learning. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.swlearning.com/economics/daniels/daniels3e/powerpoint/ch08.ppt256,1,Balance-of-Payments and Exchange-Rate Determination)Davis, D. R. 2001. International Trade and discipline Factor Markets. National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//www.nber.org/reporter/winter01/davis.html)Duisenberg, W. 2002. Assessment of the euro cash changeover and the ECBview on recent monetary and economic developments. Keynote credit at NewYears reception of the International Club of Economic Journalists, Frankfurt. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.bis.org/review/r020117c.pdfsearch=assessment%20of%20the%20Euro)European Central Bank.2001. ENVISAGED SCENARIOS OF THE EURO AREA FOR THE 2002 CASH CHANGEOVER. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.euro.ecb.int/en/section1/timetable.GeneralPar.0028.filelinkFile.download/en1201sc.pdf)Feri, F. 2002. Information, Social Mobility and the Demand for Redistribution. Universit C Foscari Venezia. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.nyu.edu/sed2002/pdfs/id2-2-txt.pdfsearch=income%20redistribution%20effect)Fleur-de-coin. The new european currency. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//www.fleur-de-coin.com/articles/euro.asp?sec=3)Guardian Unlimited. 2003. Full text the euro assessment. Statement by the chancellor on UK rank of the single currency. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//politics.guardian.co.uk/euro/story/0,9061,973967,00.html)Ipsen, E. 1994. Rebound in Stock Markets Heartens European Traders. Internati onal Herald Tribune. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.iht.com/articles/1994/07/14/emart.php)Lecture Notes in Economics and Trade Balance . Real Exchange Rates and the Trade Balance. .American University. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (www.american.edu/econ/notes/tradebal.pdf)Matejka, H.2002. The Euro success and its significance. Louis Gerber. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.cosmopolis.ch/english/cosmo25/euro_significance.htm)Obstfeld, M., 2000. International Macroeconomics Beyond theMundell-Fleming Model. University of California, Berkeley. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//emlab.berkeley.edu/users/obstfeld/ftp/mundell-fleming/mundell-fleming.pdfsearch=MundellFleming%20Model)Obringer, L. A. 2006. How the Euro Works. Howstuffworks. Retrieved November 4, 2006(http//money.howstuffworks.com/euro.htm)Parke, W. R. .2002. The Mundell-Fleming Model. EconModel. Retrieved November 5, 2006. (http//www.econmodel.com/classic/mf.htm)The Euros History. Providence College. Rhode Islan d. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//www.providence.edu/polisci/students/euro/history.htm)The European Union. The Euro Our Currency. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/our_currency_en.htm)The Gallup Organization. Introduction of the Euro in the New Member States. EuroBarometer. Retrieved November 4, 2006. (http//ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl183_en.pdfsearch=introduction%20of%20the%20euro)(2001) ENVISAGED SCENARIOS OF THE EURO AREA FOR THE 2002 CASH CHANGEOVER. European Central Bank.(2002) Pre-Budget speech 2002. Financial Times Ltd.ATKINS, R. (2006) Robust eurozone growth outpaces US again. The Financial Times Ltd.CHISHOLM, J. (2006) NATIONAL NEWS BUSINESS ECONOMY Trade gap widens as oil exports shrink. The Financial Times LtdDENNIS, N. ( 2006) Carmakers gain as bourses remain flat. The Financial Times Limited.FLOOD, C. (2006) Market Preview GDP weakness to challenge policymakers. Financial Times Ltd.MCCREEVY, C. (2006) Financial Capital Ma rkets Integration in Europe. Reuters Newsmaker Event.