A Clean Well-Lighted Place Essay -- A Clean Well Lighted Place Ernest

A Clean Well-Lighted Place A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway looks at ripen from the viewpoint of an inexperienced and experienced individual, with the serve of an old part to emphasize the difference between the two. This story takes place late mavin night in a caf. The caf is clean, pleasant, and well lighted, which brings some figure of comfort to the atmosphere. Here in the caf sits a deaf, l adeptly, older man, who although is deaf can feel the difference that the night brings to the caf, a younger waiter, who believes people stay round the caf to make his life miserable, and a waiter who is a bit older and seems to understand that this place, the caf, is comforting. The older man spends his late nights in the caf, because at his home on that point is nobody, he is widowed. All he has is the comfort that the light inside the caf brings to him at night, and the appearance and thought of other human beings may bring him. The old man is under the care of his ni ece, who last week had to cut him down from his attempting to commit suicide. Why did he attempt to kill himself? He was in despair. Stated one waiter, and I am assuming it is the younger waiter because he goes on to state that he was in despair over nothing because he has masses money. Money would be the answer to any problem to an individual of youth because when one is younger he/she has not yet come to realize the grandeur of relationships. The older waiter shows us the importance of relationships by stating, Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the caf. This appearing to mean that he knows that there are many lonely people in the world without relationships and no one to turn to in time of need or having some one to just be ... ...per meanings. Looking at my critical approach New historicism and analyse it with my piece A Clean Well-Lighted Place, only from the point of view of a new historicist without doing any additional research into the ties or times of the fountain I believe I have a well understanding of what it means to be a new historicist and how it applies to my piece that I have chose. I tend to think that knowing more about Hemingway and the life he led might give me a better understanding of his reasons for writing A Clean Well-Lighted Place. The meaning of Hemingways piece also will differ greatly across cultures and how it is a particular society looks at the differences in age and communication factors. . Work Cited Hemingway, Ernest. A Clean Well-Lighted Place Literature Reading and Writing The human Experience. Donna Erickson. New York St. Martins press, 1998. 115

All Aboard: Discrimination in Sports :: Essays Papers

All Aboard Discrimination in Sports As white, American males, are we touch left out? Of course not, we are the envy of every other race, ethnicity, and gender. Right? To anyone that believes this, it must then be asked If we, as white males, arent feeling left out, then why do we continually try to sneak aboard the overcrowded train of discrimination? As the past has shown, the tracks this train screams across doubtlessly open up to a deep chasm of hurt and pain. And yet, it seems to be one of the most sought after tickets today. Have we lost sight of the real struggles from the civilised Rights and Women Movements, only to replace them with ridiculous elevate-discrimination issues of today? Reverse discrimination has recently become the new fad in sports. First we were blessed with grumbles from less-than-athletic, underachieving, wannabe passe-partout basketball players saying their sport has begun to discriminate against them because they are white. But inst ead of grumbling, peradventure they should thank Harry Bucky Lew for becoming the first African American in professional basketball. Thank him because now owners sign players based on talent and ability instead of the color of their skin. So, if you hear the bad news that the L.A. Clippers just tiret have room on their roster for you, its not because youre white ? youre just not good enough. Unfortunately, this plague of claiming reverse discrimination has now filtered into college athletics as well. Andrew Medcalf was denied a job as Pennsylvanias head coach of womans crew two years ago, and he has now turned it into a discrimination case. In his mind, it was ludicrous that a college would turn him down because there was a better expectation for the job. Luckily for him, this other candidate was a woman. So, instead of accepting that he wasnt qualified enough to become head coach, he simply claimed gender discrimination ? and he won. The University of Pennsylvania was forced to pay $115,000 in lost wages, emotional distress, and punitive damages. Pennsylvania ended up hiring Barbara Kirch instead of Medcalf in 1999. Who knows, maybe Kirch was hired based on her gender.

Self Discovery in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outs

Self Discovery in Dostoevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outsider In every society, it is important for individuals to adhere to a set of principles in order to maintain order. In Dostoyevskys Crime and Punishment and Camus The Outsider , however, both protagonists ignored the value of their society. Raskolnikov and Meursault felt their own beliefs were significant, and through their actions they were able to express them. As a result, one man was judged as a social deviant, while the other man suffered psychologically. Through dealing with this strife, Raskolnikov and Meursault gained a better understanding of their values and personal worth. In the beginning both men rejected the fundamental values of society and formed their own ideologies. Raskolnikov, for instance, believed that we have to correct and direct nature. besides for that, there would never had been a single great man1. In fact, he had written an article titled The psychology of a criminal forrader and after the crime. It stated that ordinary men live according to the law and exist only to reproduce the human race, yet extraordinary men may analyze laws if in his own conscience it is necessary to do so in order to better mankind2. Raskolnikov believed that indeed, he was an extraordinary man3, but want Meursault, his beliefs were untested. As a result, he murdered an old pawnbroker women in order to prove himself. Meursault, as well, acted against the social norm. For example, even though it was expected of a son, he did not show sorrow at his mothers funeral4. He did not think this was shallow, however, he just refused to falsel... ... was finally able to declare them. Raskolnikov and Meursault were not afraid to carrefour the boundaries their societies had set for them. They were free-thinkers, and although they were seen as heretics, men like these play an important role in the growth and improvement of any society. Works Cited and Consulted Akeroyd, Richard H. T he Spiritual Quest of Albert Camus. atomic number 13 Portals Press, 1976. Camus, Albert. The Stranger. New York Random House, Inc., 1988. Dostoevsky, Feodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York Norton, 1989. Frank, Joseph. Dostoevsky The Miraculous Years, 1865-1871. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1995. King, Adele. Camus. Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1964. 120. McCarthy, Patrick. The Stranger. University of Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Narrative Essay: she always laughs... :: Example Personal Narratives

she always laughs...   Suicide makes me think of my grand arrest and uncle whom I never met. Each took their lives before I was born. I spoke with my mother about Grandma Ruth yester daylight evening. She delights in telling me how much Grandma Ruth would have loved me.   We didnt splatter about her often. She died when my mother was a junior in high school. My mother always refered to her as my mother, so it wasnt until I was a teen that I came up with a name for her. My granddads are called by their last names Grandpa P. and Grandpa R. My other grandmother was called Amah and her husband was Poppa. One day I had a question about my mothers mother and I refered to her as Grandma Ruth. That has been what we have called her ever since.   Apparently, on the day she died, she woke up in the sunrise and gave her husband a dollar, instructing him to send their oldest child to college. Then she took the bus to the bridge where she jumped. My grandfather saved that dollar all these years, but has lost it in the one-time(prenominal) decade.   We have four possessions which formerly belonged to Grandma Ruth. She was schizophrenic and spent half of every year in a mental hospital we have a sock doll she made in the institution. We have a wonderful pair of green sunglasses she wore both of the nose pieces are broken off. My grandfather had her wedding ring made into a necklace, which he gave to my mother a few years ago. The fourth item is a large gold cross. The vocalize my grandmother heard in her head was the voice of god. It was no doubt the voice that told her that she needed to leave this planet.   Grandma Ruth and I would have gotten along so well. I would have curled up on a chair in the kitchen while she baked cookies. We would have laughed and gossiped and she would have put flowers in my hair. I would have squaled with a giddy happiness every time she began a story with, When your mother was little...   I dont know many storie s about when my mother was little. She has forgotten most everything, and even now her memory is terrible.

Billy Pilgrims Coping Mechanism for PTSD in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five

In Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy Pilgrim becomes unstuck in time. The question here is, why? The fact of the matter is that he does non actually begin to time-travel. Billy becomes unstuck as a coping mechanism to deal with his traumatic experiences during the contend. Billy attempts to reorganize his lifes events and write out with a disorder known as post traumatic examine (posttraumatic stress disorder). Post traumatic stress disorder is a debilitating condition that follows a terrifying event (Marilyn 8). It occurs when one has witnessed or experienced a traumatic event, such as war, child abuse, or other types of violence. Victims may claim to experience or re-experience events that were traumatic to them. They may even feel or hear things from the event. Other symptoms may include forgetfulnessamnesia, excessive fantasizingtrancelike statesimaginary companion, sleepwalking, and blackouts (Putman 2). A round of times, coping mechanisms fail and the following in ner dissonance can lead to a multiplicity of upsetting emotional and physical symptoms (Robert Saperstein 2). Some children suffering from PTSD may show traumatic play. This refers to the reenactment of a traumatic experience. Usually, children will change the ending to make it happier. This is an extreme example of using the imagination as a way to escape the terrible memories. Billy has all the symptoms associated with the disorder as he also used his imagination to escape his bad memories.When Billy Pilgrim goes to war in Germany, he is soon captured by the Germans and taken to a prisoner camp. While there, he is mocked and ridiculed. He is a very passive character, and so is not bothered by this taunting, but when Billy realizes that the war doesnt just affect soldiers and people, but all animals, such as the horses they find after the shelling of Dresden, his life is scarred forevermore. He sees that the horses are bleeding from their mouths and that they are in agony when wa lking. When Billy sees that his colleagues had mistreated the horses, he realizes that that is what war does to the entire world. Billy is forever changed and even weeps (197). This may have been the trigger for PTSD in Billys life to begin with. One of case post traumatic stress disorder tells of a Vietnam veteran sleeping with a hitman under his pillow and having nightmares so intense that he woke up strangling his wife. Another time, the akin veteran saw a neighbor walking outside after dark and dodged under a bush and started crawling around with a gun (McGirk 1).

Billy Pilgrims Coping Mechanism for PTSD in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five :: Slaughterhouse-Five

In Kurt Vonneguts Slaughterhouse-Five, Billy Pilgrim becomes unstuck in time. The question here is, why? The fact of the matter is that he does not actually acquire to time-travel. Billy becomes unstuck as a coping mechanism to deal with his traumatic experiences during the war. Billy attempts to reorganize his lifes details and cope with a ail known as post traumatic stress (PTSD). Post traumatic stress disorder is a debilitating condition that follows a terrifying event (Marilyn 8). It occurs when one has witnessed or experienced a traumatic event, such as war, child abuse, or other types of violence. Victims may claim to relive or re-experience events that were traumatic to them. They may even feel or hear things from the event. Other symptoms may include forgetfulnessamnesia, excessive fantasizingtrancelike statesimaginary companion, sleepwalking, and blackouts (Putman 2). A lot of times, coping mechanisms hold up and the following inner dissonance can lead to a multiplicity of upsetting emotional and physical symptoms (Robert Saperstein 2). Some children suffering from PTSD may sharpen traumatic play. This refers to the reenactment of a traumatic experience. Usually, children will change the ending to make it happier. This is an extreme example of using the imagination as a way to break out the terrible memories. Billy has all the symptoms associated with the disorder as he also used his imagination to escape his bad memories.When Billy Pilgrim goes to war in Germany, he is soon captured by the Germans and taken to a prisoner camp. While there, he is mocked and ridiculed. He is a very passive character, and so is not bothered by this taunting, but when Billy realizes that the war doesnt just affect soldiers and people, but all animals, such as the horses they find after the bombing of Dresden, his life is blemish forever. He sees that the horses are bleeding from their mouths and that they are in agony when walking. When Billy sees that his colleag ues had mistreated the horses, he realizes that that is what war does to the entire world. Billy is forever changed and even weeps (197). This may have been the trigger for PTSD in Billys life to begin with. One of case post traumatic stress disorder tells of a Vietnam veteran sleeping with a gun under his pillow and having nightmares so intense that he woke up strangling his wife. Another time, the same veteran power saw a neighbor walking outside after dark and dodged under a bush and started crawling around with a gun (McGirk 1).

Part Three Chapter IV

IVVery sad, utter Howard Mollison, rocking a footling on his toes in front of his mantelpiece. Very sad indeed.Maureen had just finished relative them all ab come in Catherine Weedons death she had heard everything from her friend Karen the receptionist that evening, including the complaint from Cath Weedons granddaughter. A look of delighted disapproval was crumpling her face Samantha, who was in a very bad mood, thought she resembled a monkey nut. Miles was making conventional sounds of surprise and pity, but Shirley was staring up at the ceiling with a bland expression on her face she hated it when Maureen held centre stage with sassys that she ought to cook heard first.My mother knew the family of old, Howard told Samantha, who al redey knew it. Neighbours in Hope Street. Cath was decent enough in her way, you know. The contribute was perpetually spotless, and she worked until she was into her six hold fasts. Oh, yes, she was oneness of the worlds grafters, Cath Weedon, whatever the rest of the family became.Howard was enjoying giving credit where credit was due.The husband lost his job when they closed the steelworks. Hard drinker. No, she didnt always have it easy, Cath.Samantha was hardly managing to look interested, but fortunately Maureen interrupted.And the Gazettes on to Dr Jawanda she croaked. Imagine how she must be feeling, now the papers got it Familys kicking up a stink well, you cant blame them, alone in that house for three days. Dyou know her, Howard? Which one is Danielle Fowler?Shirley got up and stalked place of the room in her apron. Samantha slugged a little more wine, smiling.Lets think, lets think, said Howard. He prided himself on knowing almost everyone in Pagford, but the later generations of Weedons belonged more to Yarvil. Cant be a daughter, she had four boys, Cath. Granddaughter, I expect.And she wants an inquiry, said Maureen. Well, it was always going to come to this. Its been on the cards. If anything, Im surprise d its taken this long. Dr Jawanda wouldnt slip by the Hubbards son antibiotics and he ended up hospitalized for his asthma. Do you know, did she train in India, or ?Shirley, who was listening from the kitchen while she stirred the gravy, matte irritated, as she always did, by Maureens monopolization of the conversation that, at least, was how Shirley put it to herself. Determined not to return to the room until Maureen had finished, Shirley turned into the study and checked to stick out whether anyone had sent in apologies for the next Parish Council meeting as secretary, she was already putting together the agenda.Howard Miles come and look at thisShirleys voice had lost its usual soft, flutey caliber it rang out shrilly.Howard waddled out of the sitting room followed by Miles, who was still in the suit he had worn all day at work. Maureens droopy, bloodshot, heavily mascara-ed eyeball were fixed on the empty doorway like a bloodhounds her hunger to know what Shirley had fo und or seen was almost palpable. Maureens fingers, a clutch of bulging knuckle duster covered in translucent leopard-spotted skin, slid the crucifix and wedding ring up and down the chain around her neck. The deep creases running from the corners of Maureens sing to her chin always reminded Samantha of a ventriloquists dummy.Why are you always here? Samantha asked the older woman loudly, inside her own headman. You couldnt make me lonely enough to live in Howard and Shirleys pocket. shame rose in Samantha like vomit. She wanted to seize the over-warm cluttered room and mash it between her hands, until the royal china, and the gas fire, and the gilt-framed pictures of Miles broke into jagged pieces then, with wizened and multi-color Maureen trapped and squalling inside the wreckage, she wanted to heave it, like a celestial shot-putter, away into the sunset. The crushed lounge and the doomed crone inside it, soared in her imagination through and through the heavens, plunging into the limitless ocean, leaving Samantha alone in the endless stillness of the universe.She had had a terrible afternoon. There had been another frightening conversation with her comptroller she could not remember much of her drive home from Yarvil. She would have liked to offload on Miles, but after dumping his briefcase and pulling off his tie in the hall he had said, You havent started dinner yet, have you?He sniffed the air ostentatiously, then answered himself.No, you havent. Well, good, because Mum and Dad have invited us over. And before she could protest, he had added sharply, Its vigour to do with the council. Its to discuss arrangements for Dads sixty-fifth.Anger was almost a relief it eclipsed her anxiety, her fear. She had followed Miles out to the car, cradling her sense of ill-usage. When he asked, at last, on the corner of Evertree Crescent, How was your day? she answered, Absolutely flaming(a) fantastic.Wonder whats up? said Maureen, breaking the silence in the sittin g room.Samantha shrugged. It was typical of Shirley to have summoned her menfolk and left the women in limbo Samantha was not going to give her mother-in-law the satisfaction of showing interest.Howards elephantine footsteps made the floorboards under(a) the hall carpet creak. Maureens mouth was slack with anticipation.Well, well, well, boomed Howard, lumbering back into the room.I was checking the council website for apologies, said Shirley, a little breathless in his wake. For the next meeting Someones posted accusations about Simon Price, Miles told Samantha, pressing past his parents, seizing the role of announcer.What kind of accusations? asked Samantha.Receiving stolen goods, said Howard, firmly reclaiming the spotlight, and diddling his bosses at the printworks.Samantha was blessed to find herself unmoved. She had only the haziest idea who Simon Price was.Theyve posted under a pseudonym, Howard continued, and its not a particularly tasteful pseudonym, either.Rude, you mean ? Samantha asked. Big-Fat-Cock or something?Howards laughter boomed through the room, Maureen gave an affected shriek of horror, but Miles scowled and Shirley looked furious.Not quite that, Sammy, no, said Howard. No, theyve called themselves The Ghost of Barry Fairbrother.Oh, said Samantha, her grin evaporating. She did not like that. After all, she had been in the ambulance while they had compel needles and tubes into Barrys collapsed body she had watched him dying beneath the plastic mask seen Mary clinging to his hand, heard her groans and sobs.Oh, no, thats not nice, said Maureen, relish in her bullfrogs voice. No, thats nasty. Putting words into the mouths of the dead. Taking names in vain. Thats not right.No, agreed Howard. Almost absent-mindedly, he strolled across the room, picked up the wine bottle and returned to Samantha, topping up her empty glass. But someone out there doesnt care about good taste it seems, if they can put Simon Price out of the running.If youre thin king what I think youre thinking, Dad, said Miles, wouldnt they have gone(p) for me rather than Price?How do you know they havent, Miles?Meaning? asked Miles swiftly.Meaning, said Howard, the happy cynosure of all eyes, that I got sent an anonymous letter about you a bring together of weeks ago. Nothing specific. Just said you were unfit to fill Fairbrothers shoes. Id be very surprised if the letter didnt come from the same source as the online post. The Fairbrother theme in both, you see?Samantha tilted her glass a little too enthusiastically, so that wine trickled down the sides of her chin, exactly where her own ventriloquists doll grooves would no doubt start in time. She mopped her face with her sleeve.Where is this letter? asked Miles, striving not to look rattled.I shredded it. It was anonymous it didnt count.We didnt want to upset you, dear, said Shirley, and she patted Miles arm.Anyway, they cant have anything on you, Howard still his son, or theyd have dished the dirt, the same as they have on Price.Simon Prices wife is a lovely girl, said Shirley with gentle regret. I cant believe pity knows anything about it, if her husbands been on the fiddle. Shes a friend from the hospital, Shirley elaborated to Maureen. An agency nurse.She wouldnt be the first wife who hasnt spotted whats going on under her nose, retorted Maureen, trumping insider association with worldly wisdom.Absolutely brazen, using Barry Fairbrothers name, said Shirley, pretending not to have heard Maureen. Not a thought for his widow, his family. All that matters is their agenda theyll sacrifice anything to it.Shows you what were up against, said Howard. He scratched the overfold of his belly, thinking. Strategically, its smart. I saw from the get-go that Price was going to split the pro-Fields vote. No flies on Bends-Your-Ear shes realized it too and she wants him out.But, said Samantha, it mightnt have anything to do with Parminder and that lot at all. It could be from someone we dont know, someone whos got a grudge against Simon Price.Oh, Sam, said Shirley, with a tinkling laugh, shaking her head. Its easy to see youre new to politics.Oh, fuck off, Shirley.So why have they used Barry Fairbrothers name, then? asked Miles, rounding on his wife.Well, its on the website, isnt it? Its his vacant seat.And whos going to trawl through the council website for that kind of data? No, he said gravely, this is an insider.An insider Libby had once told Samantha that there could be thousands of microscopic species inside one drop of pond water. They were all perfectly ridiculous, Samantha thought, sitting here in front of Shirleys commemorative plates as if they were in the Cabinet Room in Downing Street, as though one bit of tittle-tattle on a Parish Council website constituted an organized campaign, as though any of it mattered.Consciously and defiantly, Samantha withdrew her attention from the lot of them. She fixed her eyes on the window and the clear evening slant beyond, and she thought about Jake, the muscular boy in Libbys favourite band. At lunchtime today, Samantha had gone out for sandwiches, and brought back a music magazine in which Jake and his bandmates were interviewed. There were lots of pictures.Its for Libby, Samantha had told the girl who helped her in the shop.Wow, look at that. I wouldnt kick him out of bed for eating toast, replied Carly, pointing at Jake, naked from the waist up, his head thrown back to reveal that thick strong neck. Oh, but hes only twenty-one, look. Im not a cradle-snatcher.Carly was twenty-six. Samantha did not care to subtract Jakes age from her own. She had eaten her sandwich and read the interview, and studied all the pictures. Jake with his hands on a bar above his head, biceps swelling under a black T-shirt Jake with his white shirt open, type AB muscles chiselled above the loose waistband of his jeans.Samantha drank Howards wine and stared out at the sky above the black privet hedge, which was a d elicate shade of rose pink the detailed shade her nipples had been before they had been darkened and distended by pregnancy and breast-feeding. She imagined herself nineteen to Jakes twenty-one, slender-waisted again, taut curves in the right places, and a strong flat stomach of her own, accommodate comfortably into her white, size ten shorts. She vividly recalled how it mat up to sit on a young mans lap in those shorts, with the heat and roughness of sun-warmed denim under her bare thighs, and big hands around her lithe waist. She imagined Jakes breath on her neck she imagined turning to look into the blue eyes, close to the high cheekbones and that firm, carved mouth at the church hall, and were getting it catered by Bucknoles, said Howard. Weve invited everyone Aubrey and Julia everyone. With luck it will be a double celebration, you on the council, me, another year young Samantha felt tipsy and randy. When were they going to eat? She realized that Shirley had left the room, hopefully to put food on the table.The telephone rang at Samanthas elbow, and she jumped. Before any of them could move, Shirley had bustled back in. She had one hand in a flowery oven glove, and picked up the receiver with the other.Double-two-five-nine? sang Shirley on a rising inflection. Oh hello, Ruth, dearHoward, Miles and Maureen became rigidly attentive. Shirley turned to look at her husband with intensity, as if she were transmitting Ruths voice through her eyes into her husbands mind.Yes, fluted Shirley. Yes Samantha, sitting closest to the receiver, could hear the other womans voice but not make out the words.Oh, really ?Maureens mouth was hanging open again she was like an ancient baby bird, or perhaps a pterodactyl, hungering for regurgitated news.Yes, dear, I see oh, that shouldnt be a problem no, no, Ill explain to Howard. No, no trouble at all.Shirleys small hazel eyes had not wavered from Howards big, popping blue ones.Ruth, dear, said Shirley, Ruth, I dont want to manage you, but have you been on the council website today? Well its not very nice, but I think you ought to know somebodys posted something nasty about Simon well, I think youd better read it for yourself, I wouldnt want to all right, dear. All right. See you Wednesday, I hope. Yes. Bye bye.Shirley replaced the receiver.She didnt know, Miles stated.Shirley shook her head.Why was she calling?Her son, Shirley told Howard. Your new potboy. Hes got a peanut allergy.Very handy, in a delicatessen, said Howard.She wanted to ask whether you could store a needleful of adrenalin in the fridge for him, just in case, said Shirley.Maureen sniffed.Theyve all got allergies these days, children.Shirleys ungloved hand was still clutching the receiver. She was subconsciously hoping to feel tremors down the line from Hilltop House.

A Book Review On: Nothing To Fear By Adam Cohen

Cohen, an editorial writer at The New York Times, makes extensive use of both primary and secondary sources to unmask the clear, compelling story of how the prevailing circumstances of the nation together with the attitude of its political leaders reshaped American society in so brief item of time.Franklin Delano Roosevelt faced extraordinary economic challenges when he assumed the presidency of the United States in March 1933.Nothing to fear reveals by Adam Cohen explains in vivid prose of the conclusive prototypical 100 days of Franklin delevaro Roosevelt in office at the worst moments of America which coincidentally was the era of great falloff. A remarkable, timely and informative drear print for political firststarts, it shows how 5 upcountry-circle liberals jumpstarted those remarkably historic first 100 days of Roosevelt in office.He and the inner circle members initiated the new deal and launched the delivery of advance(a) America. The book is simply the evaluation o f the watershed in the modern America and it is a reality of the pivotal days in modern America the crisis-ridden first 100 days of FDR in office .FDR and the inner circle wiped the old order and replaced it with new order i.e. the government acceptance and execution of her responsibilities.At this time in story, , there was 85% drop in stock market,25% of Americans had lost their jobs and banks had gone on holidays to prevent further crises ,farmers were openly angry and hungry men and women were eaten from correct and garbages.40% of Americans at this point were living on agriculture and farm income had decreased by 40%.Those who had jobs were struggling for sustainace on their wages.Those who picked cotton in Arizona were reportedly collecting 30 cents after a weeks job excluding the food and housing payment. The period also witnessed close to 90% of school children existence underweight while an otherwise percentage being malnourished.Radicalism and hunger matches by the jobl ess were on the increase both in the urban and the sacred cracker-barrel American farm belt.Rooselvelt on assuming office charted a different pathway from that of his predecessor-Herbert Hoover. Hoover had turned deaf ears to the hues and cries of Americans.His approach was an absolute privatization of all sectors of the frugality with no favor to the poor .His wickedness was later revenged by Americans when they made epithet of his name. Hoover lost the 1932 election to Roosevelt and managed to win only 6 states.In his introduction, Cohen tactically gave a summary of the first Hundred DaysWhile the unexclusive story line of the Hundred Days was about how Roosevelt, through his eloquent public statements and legislative initiatives rallied a desperate nation, behind the scenes his advisers were battling over what shape the New Deal would take. Perkins, Wallace, and Hopkins worked with members of Congress, farm leaders, union officials, and other progressives to promote their agen da.Douglas worked with business leaders and other conservatives to pull Roosevelt in the opposite direction. In the first month of the Hundred Days, through the passage of the Economy Act, Douglass side prevailed. For the rest of the Hundred Days, Perkinss side did. While Douglas won the early battles, Perkins, Wallace, and Hopkins won the war.America According to Cohen in the early part of the book, there is a gradual metamorphosis of the great depression into a real and full blown financial and social collapse .After these 100days, FDR had reached a full blown acceptance of responsibilities to the needs and war of Americans.He worked with the 5 members of the inner circle to bring transformation to America. He relied on their pieces of advice and preferred if it is conflicting so as to be able to choose the best. On assuming office, FDR came with hardly a(prenominal) plans to combat the great depression. The inner circle encouraged FDR to embrace activist agendas.FDR was a fisca l conservative as well as a hardheaded politician .For this, he had close relationship with Frances Perkin and Lewis Douglas who were advocate of social warfare programs and cutter of budget respectively. In most cases, Douglas was at odds with other FDRs members .FDR being not ideological, preferred varieties and a policy that is bold, persistent experimental. He featured in the most feverish and agitated period of America history that brings about the modern America.Nothing to fear is an attention holding, fascinating account of the personal dynamics that realign the catastrophic early period of FDRs relationship and a character X-ray of one of Americas distinctive leaders in a period of crises. However, Cohen points us to the political blunders of this period over warfare situation, government laws, agricultural policy, and according to him they are still with us till today.

The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh

Katherine Mordan Art Survey Research Paper Prof. Lindt 10/23/11 The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh The Colossal Statue of a Pharaoh is a piece of spirit Age Egyptian art and it was the piece that caught my eye at the MET. The statue was made around 1919b. c-1885b. c. to represent the reign of the 12th dynasty pharaoh Amenemhat II. It is made out of infernal region, a stone called Granodiorite. It was carved in Aswan and was completed in Memphis near Cairo. The sculpture is a sculpture in the round, meaning that it is a three dimensional figure that is carved out of block. The statue has smooth texture and large in size. Its an normous statue that raises over a crowd of people, which adds a symbol of power towards it. I saw that its Amenemhat II sit on his throne you can see some damage to the sculpture due to time and moving around of the sculpture. Its missing a nose and its beard. The Pharaoh is tiring a kilt and wearing a belt that has a bulls tail attached to it. To Egyptians a bulls tail is a symbol of their strength tally to researchers at the Met. He is wearing a royal head cloth with a royal cobra symbolizing the rulers power. At the foot of the cubes throne is a circumstances of scriptures symbolizing its meaning to the kingdom.The statue was made for the Pharaoh Amenemhat II who ruled in the 12th dynasty. This was the most important period in the middle kingdom, he ruled from 1919- 1885 b. c. He first started his reign with his father and then took over a democracy that his father kept stable and economically stable. One of the things that pharaoh Amenemhat II did was conduct a military campaign in Syria getting prisoners to build pyramids for him. He would also conducts trades with other countries for goods, copper, wood , and stones. During this time art was gaining popularity in Egypt. Some of the Fine jewelry made came from this time.Stone sculptures like the large Sphinx came from Amenemhats time. S eeral years after his reign the sculptur e of the Pharaoh was moved from place to place and other kings would alter the statues features to reflexion like theirs they would carve their names on the statue as well. During the time of the Pharaohs in Egypt, the kings made sure that the public knew how powerful they were. They made sure that all their prowess symbolized who they were and what strength they had to control an empire. Figures such as a sphinx, lion, snake, bulls tail and falcons, were figures of strength, power and longevity.These were symbols that were used in these pieces to represent the kings. Since the kings seemed all mighty and powerful the people of the country would continue to praise and follow the kings bringing the kings power and prosperity. The colossal statue of a Pharaoh represents power and strength of an almighty king of kings. Amenemhat II wanted his public to get that he was worthy to be king and that he had the power of control. He wanted his people to believe in him and believe he would bring prosperity. well-nigh important of all is that he wanted people to know that no ne could knock him off of his throne he was the ruler and could do what ever he pleased. In this type of society, in Egypt kings needed to show their public how powerful they were so that people could not overstep their boundaries and knew they were under strict control. both social class needed to know were they stood the rich with rich and the poor working for the rich. This piece really caught my eye due to its large size and extraordinary detailed structure. It fascinated me to think about how this enormous statue was created back in ancient Egypt and I wanted to share this piece with everyone else.

Benefits of Co-Curricular Activities

With the Internet, people now have even more opportunities to bully through cyber bullying, especially teenagers. This includes send embarrassing pictures, posting fake web pages, or tweeting hurtful messages. Cyber bullying has gradually led to a rise in a completely cleanfangled kind of bullying. One of the effects of bullying is that it can change the victims personality. It can cause people who are normally confident and blissful to become self-conscious, shy, and unsure. To add on, victims of bullying may also become sad or depressed.Their confidence may become very little, keeping them from trying new things or trusting people. Once a person has been bullied, they may hesitate to participate in situations where he or she faculty be made frolic of, such as speaking in front of a large amount of people. Furthermore, victim might even begin to possess previously abstracted anxious behavior. Another effect of cyber bullying is the people who have been bullied sometimes become so depressed that they see no worth in themselves and no way out of their torment.There are times when victims even resort to seek revenge on the bully or worst, ending their lifes . There have been innumerable reports over the past few years of students committing suicide because they were bullied. As a result of cyber bullying, people can lose their ability to trust and develop feeding disorders, begin to self-injure, or require extensive counseling. Another unfortunate consequence of this is that cyber bullying is often a cycle.People who have been bullied can, in an attempt to gain their index and self-esteem back, become cyber bullies themselves. In conclusion, there are three main effects which are,changing the personality of the victim,the victim may have suicidal thoughts or might want to seek revenge and victims might turn out to be bullies themselves. Hence, cyber bullying is as harmful as bullying even though it does not leave scars on the surface but it the victims w ill be scared emotionally.

Canadian Economy, Labor, And The Global World Essay

The Federal Open Market Committee report indicates a decline in return and date. Household spending has been increasing gradually though there obligate been several constraints such as elevated unemployment rates, tight credit, and slight income branch. The United States is the biggest traffic partner to Canada and economic slumps within the American economy affect the Canadian economy negatively as wellhead. Such a decline in issue will affect the Canadian economy since a decline in goods that Canada obtains from the United States will mean the country will lack them and pretend to visualize other countries to trade with.In addition, the low output will result in American businesses importing less goods from Canada that they use in the process of producing their goods. The uplifted unemployment will affect Canadian labor based on the large scrap of Canadians who work in the United States. During an economic recession as this angiotensin converting enzyme most foreign w orkers lack unemployment in other countries as g everyplacenments give first priority to their domestic workers first.As such, American nationals would be considered first during employment exercises while the Canadians will be left out and stay unemployed until the economy is seen to adjudge recovered. The role of the republic in a global human beings The worlds today is a global one with people from diverse countries, social backgrounds and cultures interacting on a daily basis. States be part of these interactions as well as they encompass the geographical boundaries that divide our continents into smaller units. States exist as a result of a host of reasons such as political, historical, economic, social, cultural and militaristic.States form different corners of the world are carrying out trade with one another as a result of the growth of the idea of competitive advantage that allows countries to export what they fuck off in abundance and import what they lack. Apart fro m trade, there are numerous organizations and agreements around the world that have brought numerous countries together in pursuit of popular goals so as to create a modern world that is safe and productive to live in. As such, a state has to find a manner to effectively take part in such a global world despite having its own independent political, social, cultural, and embodied carriage of doing things.This requires states to come up with policies that will enable them to actively take part within the global world without compromising their independence (Plattner, 2002). This creates the need for due attention to the theoretical rationales of the states formation that ensure that the state remains pertinent in the global world. This is in line with the fact that domestic policies can not be made to treat the economy as a closed entity but need to consider the implications and counterbalancing do that arise from globalization.The state has a role in the global world that is aime d at legislating its policies that protect its domestic market as well as give opportunity for its countrys partnership in globalization. Labor unions in a global world Globalization has grown over the years and has now become an important part of our corporate and social lives. Labor is one of the institutions that have been greatly affected by globalization as businesses and institutions are now able to employ individuals from anywhere in the world as far as they have the required skills and knowledge needed for the job.With the growth of capitalism and international trade, most companies realized the only way to stay in business and continue making huge profits was to cut down on overall expenses and labor costs were one of the expenses cut. The growth of globalization has also lead to the development of outsourcing where businesses have some of the operations carried out by other institutions that are specialized in that field and and then do not have to employ people to carry out those jobs internally.Most businesses are opening factories in foreign markets that have cheaper labor such as China and Indonesia. As such, labor unions have responded in order to protect their domestic workers from the increasing amount of unemployment that could result from the employment of foreign workers who could be asking for lower wages and salaries as compared to the domestic workers. Labor unions have responded to globalization by engaging in several strategies that limit the negative effects of globalization on labor.One such schema has been the opposition towards free trade initiatives and agreements involving several countries. One such agreement has been the North American dislodge Trade Agreement by asking for there to be provisions within the agreement for the inclusion of a charter that would entail a number of labor principles that would be put into effect and enforced by both domestic and international courts. Secondly, labor unions have began to organize regional as well as international organizations that seek to harmonize the labor needs of their members.This is the case especially for multinational companies that operate in several countries where unions facilitate workers from the different factories in the various countries to be able to have collective bargaining of their needs (Herod, 2002). Thirdly, labor unions have been involved in the process of developing labor regulations that are incorporated in most business codes of conduct. Due to the possibility of business including legally correct phrases that could be detrimental to workers when effected and which would affect workers negatively.By have access to the policy formulation stage, unions are able to prevent the inclusion of such codes and policies that would end up leaving workers at a disadvantaged position. How the federal official regimen responded to growing labor militancy The onset of the depression found the provincial as well as municipal governments in debt following magnification in infrastructure. This was at a time when Mackenzie was the prime minister and he held the belief that the crisis would pass thus failed to provide aid to the provinces.The federal government was indisposed in making efforts of reviving the economy that followed the depression (Robert, 2009). After the depression the government started a relief plan faced with mounting pressure from humanity War 1 veterans who demanded to be protected from poverty that was known as the New Deal The federal government under R. B Bennett campaigned on high tariffs as well as large scale spending. The federal government also increased welfare and assistance programs as well as programs think to increase work opportunities.This was a move that led the federal government to more deficit (Neatby, 1963). This worsened the situation based on the fact that it caused a great number of government employees to loose their jobs as well as the cancelation of many public works project s that were underway. The federal government had a burden of the Canadian National Railway that had been highly affected by the depression. The government has as well taken over a number of railways that were bankrupt and out-of-date over the period of the world war.This increased the debt that the government had to a massive sum that was hard to be repaid at the time based on the hard financial time that the nation faced. The decrease in trade had made the Canadian National Railway to loose substantial amounts of funds a crisis that had been worsened by the depression. This created a burden for the federal government on the basis that it had to bail out the CNR baring in mind that the government was as well face other debts. The failure of the federal government to revive the economy led to its defeat by the liberal party. The future for Keynesian political economyKeynesian economics is struggling as it seems to have a dimming future. Since the 1970s when Keynesian economics face d a significant decline due to its failure as a result of the resultant high inflation rates and economic recessions, there has been an emergence of monetarism. In the 1980s, classical as well as supply-side economics have increasingly challenged the appropriateness of Keynesian economics further (Rousseas, 1986). As a result, Keynesian economists have responded to this decline and have created new schools of thought based on early Keynesian economics. These are The neoclassical Keynesianism The post-Keynesianism The new Keynesianism All these school of thoughts have emerged mainly as a response to the criticisms that new classical economists have raised against Keynesian economics (Gordon, 1990). Due to the focus on the demand side, Keynesian economics has proved to be important especially during economic resurgence after recessions as was witnessed after the recent 2008-2009 global recession where most affected countries engaged in Keynesian economics by providing economic sti mulus packages aimed at reviving the economy again.This is based on the Keynesian view that markets usually lack a mechanism to self correct themselves and therefore government interventions are required to restore the economy once again. References Gordon, R. J. (1990). What Is New-Keynesian Economics? Journal of Economic Literature 28, no. 3 11151171. Herod, A. (2002). Organizing globally, organizing locally union spatial strategy in a global economy. In Harrod, J. & Robert, O. Global Unions?Theory and Strategies of organized labor in the global political economy. London Routledge. Neatby, H. B. (1963). William Lyon Mackenzie King, 1924-1932 The Lonely Heights. Toronto University of Toronto Press. Plattner, M. (2002). Globalization and self-determination, Journal of Democracy 13(3) 54-67. Robert, L. (2009). The Workplace and Economic Crisis Canadian Textile Firms, 1929-1935, Enterprise and Society, Vol. 10 Issue 3, pp 498-528. Rousseas, S. (1986). Post-Keynesian Monetary Econom ics. London Macmillan.

The Missouri Compromise

Coming spur to the beginning of the American history, when the United States consisted of only thirteen states, the representatives of the northern (lets strain them as free) and southern (lets call them as slave) states had almost the disturb rights in the Congress. Also, it should be identifyed out that slain truth problem didnt annul during that period of time.However, the situation was completely changed, when the boundaries of United States approached to West. Both the northern and southern split were worried about the advantages in the parliament, which, as it is known, was formed on the introductory of the following principles the members of House of Representatives and dickens deputies from each state the Senate. In fact, just the Senate became the principal(prenominal) reason of the battle between the North and southeast later.It should be accent that in the first half of the nineteenth century two main inclining or saying in former(a) words two main ways of bo urgeois development took place in the U.S. one in the North, other in the South. So, the main promontorys of the second American Revolution were the following Would the pull ahead development of capitalism in the U.S. be provided with a way of slavery ravaging and would the victory of a free farmer over the slave-owning system emergence place in the future?Firstly, the main reason of sight contradictions and negates became customs tariffs. The point is that, the Northern middle class was interested in selling the production and accordly demanded high customs for the manufactured goods which were brought from abroad. Slave-holders didnt support them. So, Legislative Assembly of the South Caroline state in 1832 demanded the complete cancellation of customs tariffs, threatening to gulf from the U.S.A.The main its argument was so-called nullification doctrine, according to which, states can ignore the decisions of the federal official authority if they didnt correspond the co nstitution. It is clear, that such kind of explanation was very profitable for the separatism representatives, especially in the South of the country.In general, collisions of interests of industrial bourgeoisie and slave-owners led to the unavoidable conflict, which afterwards caused the civil war. It is obvious that, the given conflict became the beginning of the very tense fight between the following economical systems fortify bourgeois system and weakening slave-holding one. On the background of the given fight, the political history of America at the period between the independence and civil wars was more visible.Also, at the beginning of the 19-th century various disagreements arose between the representatives of the following political parties the party of federalists and the party of democrat-republicans. The first party was established by Hamilton. So, focusing on the huge bourgeoisie and successful planters, federalists didnt want to support the democratisation of the constitution. As to the Republican party, at the head of Jefferson, it was highly supported among the industrial bourgeoisie, dispirited planters, farmers and craftspeople. The main purposes of the given party included the development of bourgeois-democratic freedoms and restrictions of the huge planters activity.The beginning of the long conflict was considered to be raising a header on atomic number 42 State. Coming back, we can see that when the territory of molybdenum applied for admission to statehood, the Congress and the nation were confronted with a unique substantive pass that had far-reaching implications both for the settlement and for the future political status of all the states that strength be carved from the vast area acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Nevertheless, disdain all faced difficulties and problems Missouri managed to become a state in 1818 (Bartelby, 2006, p.1).However, the settlers from Missouri also wanted their state to be a slave state. So, the question Should slavery be allowed in the new state of Missouri? was suggested to be the most important for the citizens of that state at that moment (Blaustein, 1968, p.16). The fact that southern slaveholders had already migrated into the Missouri territory made the question more than academic.The Congressmen from the North did non want another slave state. Also, at the same time Maine asked to be admitted to the mating ( p.17 ). The discussion on the given problem was very dangerous for the U.S. because it could haul to the split of the country into two enemy sides.Planters tried to create the special law, according to which, the state would have to receive slave status, however they faced mass protests from the delegates of free states. Nevertheless, the given conflict was finished by the Missouri Compromise in February of 1820. As a result, the new agreement was reached, according to which, Missouri had a slave status, but the new Maine State was simult aneously accepted to statehood as a free one. Also, the territory north of 36 30 north analogue was considered to be free ( p.17 ).Afterwards, the act of March 6, 1820 took place, according to which, fugitive slaves could be apprehended north of the compromise line and returned to their owners.As the American history showed, Missouri Compromise was regarded to be the most long-lived, because no states applied for admission to the statehood of the U.S.A. during the next 30 years.Coming to the conclusion, we can say, that obviously the acceptance of free states undermined the positions of the slave-holders in the Senate. In fact, the Missouri Compromise managed only to suspend the open battle between two economical systems. Later, it was broken when the question, which was connected with the future of such states as California, unexampled Mexico and Utah, was raised.In 1854 the dispute over two states Kansas and Nebraska, which were located north of 36 30 north latitude touched up on the Missouri Compromise again. As the result, the 3630 proviso held until 1854, when the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise completely.ReferencesBartelby, Inc. The compromises of 1820 and 1850. Retrieved July 20, 2006 from http//www.bartelby.net/65/mi/MissrComp.html Blaustein A.P. (1968). complaisant Rights and the Black American. A Documentary History, 9, 16-19The Missouri CompromiseComing back to the beginning of the American history, when the United States consisted of only thirteen states, the representatives of the northern (lets call them as free) and southern (lets call them as slave) states had almost the equal rights in the Congress. Also, it should be pointed out that slavery problem didnt arise during that period of time.However, the situation was completely changed, when the boundaries of United States approached to West. Both the northern and southern parts were worried about the advantages in the parliament, which, as it is known, was formed on th e basic of the following principles the members of House of Representatives and two deputies from each state the Senate. In fact, just the Senate became the main reason of the battle between the North and South later.It should be emphasized that in the first half of the nineteenth century two main tendency or saying in other words two main ways of bourgeois development took place in the U.S. one in the North, other in the South. So, the main questions of the second American Revolution were the following Would the further development of capitalism in the U.S. be provided with a way of slavery destruction and would the victory of a free farmer over the slave-owning system take place in the future?Firstly, the main reason of mass contradictions and conflicts became customs tariffs. The point is that, the Northern bourgeoisie was interested in selling the production and therefore demanded high customs for the manufactured goods which were brought from abroad. Slave-holders didnt supp ort them. So, Legislative Assembly of the South Caroline state in 1832 demanded the complete cancellation of customs tariffs, threatening to disconnect from the U.S.A.The main its argument was so-called nullification doctrine, according to which, states can ignore the decisions of the federal authority if they didnt correspond the constitution. It is clear, that such kind of explanation was very profitable for the separatism representatives, especially in the South of the country.In general, collisions of interests of industrial bourgeoisie and slave-owners led to the unavoidable conflict, which afterwards caused the civil war. It is obvious that, the given conflict became the beginning of the very tense fight between the following economical systems strengthening bourgeois system and weakening slave-holding one. On the background of the given fight, the political history of America at the period between the independence and civil wars was more visible.Also, at the beginning of the 19-th century various disagreements arose between the representatives of the following political parties the party of federalists and the party of democrat-republicans. The first party was established by Hamilton. So, focusing on the huge bourgeoisie and successful planters, federalists didnt want to support the democratization of the constitution. As to the Republican party, at the head of Jefferson, it was highly supported among the industrial bourgeoisie, small planters, farmers and craftspeople. The main purposes of the given party included the development of bourgeois-democratic freedoms and restrictions of the huge planters activity.The beginning of the long conflict was considered to be raising a question on Missouri State. Coming back, we can see that when the territory of Missouri applied for admission to statehood, the Congress and the nation were confronted with a unique substantive question that had far-reaching implications both for the settlement and for the future pol itical status of all the states that might be carved from the vast area acquired from France in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. Nevertheless, despite all faced difficulties and problems Missouri managed to become a state in 1818 (Bartelby, 2006, p.1).However, the settlers from Missouri also wanted their state to be a slave state. So, the question Should slavery be allowed in the new state of Missouri? was suggested to be the most important for the citizens of that state at that moment (Blaustein, 1968, p.16). The fact that southern slaveholders had already migrated into the Missouri territory made the question more than academic.The Congressmen from the North did not want another slave state. Also, at the same time Maine asked to be admitted to the Union ( p.17 ). The discussion on the given problem was very dangerous for the U.S. because it could lead to the split of the country into two enemy sides.Planters tried to create the special law, according to which, the state would have to receive slave status, however they faced mass protests from the delegates of free states. Nevertheless, the given conflict was finished by the Missouri Compromise in February of 1820. As a result, the new agreement was reached, according to which, Missouri had a slave status, but the new Maine State was simultaneously accepted to statehood as a free one. Also, the territory north of 36 30 north latitude was considered to be free ( p.17 ).Afterwards, the act of March 6, 1820 took place, according to which, fugitive slaves could be apprehended north of the compromise line and returned to their owners.As the American history showed, Missouri Compromise was regarded to be the most long-lived, because no states applied for admission to the statehood of the U.S.A. during the next thirty years.Coming to the conclusion, we can say, that obviously the acceptance of free states undermined the positions of the slave-holders in the Senate. In fact, the Missouri Compromise managed only to sus pend the open battle between two economical systems. Later, it was broken when the question, which was connected with the future of such states as California, New Mexico and Utah, was raised.In 1854 the dispute over two states Kansas and Nebraska, which were located north of 36 30 north latitude touched upon the Missouri Compromise again. As the result, the 3630 proviso held until 1854, when the Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed the Missouri Compromise completely.ReferencesBartelby, Inc. The compromises of 1820 and 1850. Retrieved July 20, 2006 from http//www.bartelby.net/65/mi/MissrComp.html Blaustein A.P. (1968). Civil Rights and the Black American. A Documentary History, 9, 16-19

Polio, Cystic Fibrosis and Hypothyroidism

Polio Poliomyelitis, popularly referred to as polio is cause by acute viral infection from its causative agent, the poliovirus. The virus belongs to the enterovirus family and consists of a naked RNA strand (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). The route of spread is fecal oral, similar to roughly separate members of the enterovirus class. The initial infection occurs in the mouth and throat, resulting in the secretion of the virus from the salivary glands and its subsequent entry into the gastrointestinal tract.Virus multiplication occurs in the mucosa of the intestines and in lymph nodes, a process that causes symptoms associated with a transitory viremia. Most polio infections do not surface clinic onlyy about 1% of infected individuals suffer the consequences of pro make up nervous invasion by the virus (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). This invasion first manifests as meningeal irritation. But the most debilitating effects are seen when it proceeds to the spinal anest hesia cord, infecting the motor neurons.This invasion causes wasting of muscles and loss of reflexes a disability that persists for the rest of the patients life (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1374). Two display cases of vaccinums have been developed and successfully administered for the poliovirus. The Salk type is fixed in formalin and contains killed specimens of all three major strains of the poliovirus more commonly, the oral Sabin type vaccine is used which contains live attenuated virus specimens of all three strains as well.The success of the vaccine in nearly eliminating the virus from developed countries and from most of the developing world is based on the fact that this virus, equivalent smallpox, only infects humans. Additionally, it is shed from an infected individual for a small period of time it does not change its antigenic molecular makeup through mutations and the vaccine confers lifetime immunity (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 364). Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is one of the most widespread genetic disorders, especially in the Caucasian populations (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p.489).It is an autosomal recessive disease, therefore most carriers of the abnormal allele present with no symptoms. The prime underlying cause of this condition is a mutation on the chromosome 7, in a gene that has been named cystic fibrosis transconductance regulator gene. This gene codes for a protein that forms a transmembrane channel that actively regulates the crucial transfer of electrolytes across the membrane, notably the chloride ion. The rate and volume of this transport is in like manner spiel by intra- and extra-cellular signals (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p.490).Once electrolyte content of the secretions is compromised, it leads to varying water content in extracellular compartments and causes a wide range of debilitating symptoms in different tracts. The most common clinical presentation is respiratory distress in newborn babies. The ext remely viscid secretions in the lungs result in recurrent and severe respiratory infections. Moreover, the change magnitude tissue resistance of the lungs results in an increased right-heart workload, which may cause right heart failure.These complications are the most common cause of cystic fibrosis-related deaths in USA. The pancreas is also frequently involved the exocrine part is hit the hardest. This insufficiency results in protein and fat malabsorption which leads to other complications including insufficient absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, and edema due to decreased levels of plasm proteins (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 494-495). There have been several advances in the management of this disease.Improved control of respiratory infections and lung transplant has given encouraging results children and young adults who have had both their lungs transplanted have a survival rate of 70%. Heart, liver, and pancreas transplants have also shown favorable results (Kumar, Abba s & Fausto, 2004, p. 495). Hypo thyroid gland glandalism Hypothyroidism is defined as below normal levels of production or action of the thyroid endocrine (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1167). The thyroid hormone has widespread effects on the body in regard to regulation of the metabolic rate of all tissues.Hypothyroidism is of three types primary, resulting innate problems of the thyroid secondary, due to improper functioning of the pituitary gland and tertiary, caused by a deficiency of the hypothalamus. The most common type of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas is primary, resulting from immune reaction to the thyroid gland itself, a condition known as Hashimoto thyroiditis. In this disorder, the immune system causes cell death in thyroid tissue either by direct cell toxicity or by antibody-mediated reactions (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1167-1170).An antibody against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor, which resides on the cell surface of thyroid tissue, is m ost frequently found in patients of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Clinically, this disorder presents as a swelling of the thyroid with no symptom of pain the swelling is commonly diffuse and equal in surface and shape on both sides (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1170). The disease progresses slowly and insidiously, manifested by lack of energy and dullness, often mistaken for depression. Cognitive functions are also impaired and obesity has been reported.Decreased sympathetic activity causes gastrointestinal problems. Since the thyroid hormone directly regulates cardiac calcium influx, a decrease in cardiac output is seen, followed by displace stamina in the patient (Kumar, Abbas & Fausto, 2004, p. 1168). Diagnosis is made by serological investigations, TSH levels in serum being the most sensitive indicator of thyroid function TSH levels are actually high in response to lowered thyroxine levels in primary hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine is the drug of choice for such patients (Kumar, Abb as & Fausto, 2004, p. 1169).

Dr. Spock

When Babies argon put on their stomach to sleep, the babies sleep soundly and get startled less. So for parents that havent gotten sleep for eld they tend to choose to put babies in this position beca practice, finally they get to get some sleep. Parents do this of course taking precaution, buy not smoking keeping baby close by eon sleeping and by breastfeeding. The American Academy of Pediatrics PAP recommends that babies should only be put on their stomachs during what they call spate time while the fry is up, alert and playing.The PAP also recommends to reduce the stake of KIDS parents should Use a firm mattress (avoid soft bedding) Not letting your baby sleep in your bed. Breastfeeding your baby, if possible. defend your infant from exposure to cigarette, cigar, or pipe smoke. Running a fan in your babys room at night to improve air circulation (Sleep). The PAP only recommends baby to be put on their stomach only if the pediatrician recommends it or if Infants with complic ations of severe spitting up (reflux) (Children).The separate disadvantage to lay baby to sleep on its back is that they can develop philologically a flattened gunpointroom. DRP. Spook didnt recommend it, he said that it was more comfortable with colic babies the wring on the abdomen relieves the gas main, and if they drift theyre less likely to choke on their vomits (Spook and Rottener 210). He also opposed it, because babies tend to keep the head turned toward the corresponding side, this may flatten that side of the head, this can be helped by putting the babys head where the feet were the first time each time you put them to bed (Spook and Rottener 211).An associate professor of neurosurgery and pediatrics in the New York University Medical Center DRP. Jeffrey H. experience, said that since the rear to Sleep campaign began, the head condition had become an epidemic. Wisdom said now we see up to a dozen kids a week with asymmetric heads. (Breaker). The Back to Sleep cam paign which is driven by the PAP has been advocating to put children to sleep since 1992. DRP.Wisdom stated that the PAP should do a better Job of telling parents to turn infants 180 degrees in their cribs occasionally and to place them on their stomachs while they are a light up, called tummy time(Breaker). Studies that have been conducted at the Boston Childrens Hospital report, that over the other(prenominal) two decades that infants who die suddenly, and without explanation whose death has been attributed to KIDS- have differences in brainstem chemistry that set them asunder from infants dying of other causes (Brainstem).They are stating that when these sleeping babies come upon danger, they are not able to wake themselves up to remove themselves from danger. Researchers say that these abnormalities impair brainstem circuits that help control breathing, heart rate, blood pressure and temperature control during sleep, this preventing sleeping babies from ro development when the y reprobate too much carbon dioxide due to poor external respiration or become over heated due to over bundling Brainstem).So with parvenue info found on KIDS, researchers continue to advise parents to take necessary precautions, like not using soft-bedding, using a pacifier, good air ventilation and continue to put babies to sleep on their backs. Also in some circumstances there are still good reasons for putting babies to sleep on tummy due to reflux. The Interiors instill approach has been acclaimed as the most developmentally appropriate model currently available. female horse Interiors first woman physician in Italy, began this scientific education for young children with developmental capabilities, she went on to use this for normal children. Experimenting over a period of years, she developed a large series of intents which required step by step increasing amounts of skill and maturity to manipulate, after a child mastered one skill, she was wedded the object that requ ired the next greater amount of skill(Spook and Rottener 516). There has been questions about the performance of Interiors students when they move on to conventional academic settings. Because there are not numerous Interiors schools that offer kindergarten to twelfth grade many students have to transfer to public school.This is where the issue begins some students have a firm time adjusting to the new learning environment where some excel and do well. Research done in Milwaukee where they tracked cd students where half the students received public school and the other Interiors before they transitioned to public schools system say that , Students who accompanied a Interiors school Preschool Grade 5 and got Interiors education not only outperformed the other students in maths and science test scores, but graduated with higher Gaps (Transitioning).The negative side of this is that when students enter public school they may be behind or ahead of their new peers in certain subjec ts because of the self-guided study they did. Concepts will be taught differently, student will need to adapt to more traditional teaching methods(Transitioning). On the other hand Interiors students enjoy social, emotional and academic benefits from their education, making them reliable. Remember this is a child who has learned how to learn, where to take on information on their own if they need it.They are accustomed to research and tackling new subjects (Quarter). umteen researchers along with parents believe that Interiors as a huge impact on children long after the child has left a Interiors school. Interiors schools differ from traditional school in several ways, children are separateed in multi-age class room from three to six, six to nine, nine to twelve, twelve to fifteen, and fifteen to eighteen (Task). The age intermixture allows older students to be leaders, mentors and help teach lessons, younger kids get to experience working(a) with older classmates.At the same ti me young students working next to older students get to see what they will be working on in the near future. The teachers work with dents one on one or in subatomic groups. They fuel the fire in the childs interest, one teacher noted the childrens hunger for words, and they wrote as many as they knew, and came to me for more, having exhausted their simple vocabulary (Task). Interiors allows children to grow in their natural development guiding them as they grow into big lessons.After transferring to a traditional school is where the issue begins, the goals and objectives follow the schools vision. (Task) In traditional classrooms teachers have an assigned group of students and instruct students from assigned text books. Assessments, test, worksheets are given to students to memorize and there is never a certain learning experience. The traditional school has their own vision for learning, going along with the states standardized testing. Leaving the children no time for their own developmental learning to grow, leaving children behind and lost in the learning process.Discipline is an ongoing process. It begins archean in a childs life and changes as they mature, continuing as self-discipline. DRP. Spook says, that good parents who course lean toward strictness should raise their children that way. Moderate triteness-in the sense of requiring good manners, prompt obedience, orderliness- is not harmful to children so long as the parents are basically kind, and so long the children are growing up keen and friendly. But strictness is harmful when parents are overbearing for a child.This kind of severity produces children who are spiritless and colorless or mean to others. (Spook and Rottener 25) The Bible also states Fathers, do not be so hard on your children, so their spirit may not be broken (Bible N. I. V. Colombians 321). Expecting reasonable mien from children means parents need o be kind, loving, moderately strict, flexible and have tenacious expec tations. If parents learn early on how to be firm and consistent, children will have an easier time getting along with people.Some studies show that parents who apprehension disciplining, have children who suffer from being insecure and develop anxiety and stress when there is lack of consistent guidance. Children who do not learn appropriate boundaries when they are young experience difficulty with self-control posterior in life (Brown). A parents firmness trains the child to get along reasonable with there people, so when they get out into the world no matter at what age they wont be in for a surprise when others dislike them for their selfishness and wont go through life being unpopular.Spooks advice was not so different from the advice given now from many professionals. Especially, learning how to take care of children was so most-valuable for new families. That the schools parents choose was important for their childrens learning development. And most of all how to raise chi ldren that are well-disciplined so that they will be self-controlled adults with good family skills.

Equality, Diversity and Rights within Health and Social Care Essay

Sex contrariety consummation 1975This defend applies for both custody and wo men. It promotes that both men and women should be treated the likes ofnly. For example, in transport, education, jobs etc. It promotes anti-discriminatory devote by making sure those men and women atomic number 18 treated equally, if this act applies didnt exist, men and women may be deprived of certain choices. This act includes whatever dissimilitude against homosexual marriages or civil br to each onenerships, any discrimination against pregnant women and maternity leave, as well as about equal stand for both men and women.Disability discrimination act 2005This act applies to anyone that has some sort of check. This act is in place to protect disable throng against discrimination both in employment and when using a divine service or facility. For example, anyone with a disability should permit the same opportunities in work or learning places such as school, colleges or universities. In new(prenominal) places such as shops and banks, and to convertiblely make sure that they atomic number 18 treated fairly when they go somewhere to eat or drink, such as restaurants or pubs. Public transport operate shit to make sure trains buses, etc. atomic number 18 findible and produce the right facilities for anyone with a disability. The government has implement the legislation in three phases.Phase 1 in 1996 made it illegal to treat alter mickle less favourably because of their disability. Phase 2 in 1999 obliged businesses to make reasonable ad dependablements for disabled staff, standardized providing support or equipment. They also have to start making changes to the way they provide their services to customers, for example providing bank statements in large print. Phase 3 from October 2004, businesses may have to make somatogenetic alterations to their premises to get the best access barriers. The example good deal most readily suppose of is installing ram ps for wheelchair users.M2For this task, I am assess the influence of one recent national policy initiative promoting anti-discriminatory confide on a particular setting.There ar various policies promoting discriminatory perform but I am going to explain the mental wellness act and the mental capacity act 2005. The mental wellness act 1983, revise again in 2007, with the mental capacity act is a basic snuff it for the great unwashed in the care industry to follow to protect the rights of people with some sort of a mental disability and with the main objective is for them to have the best effective care and treatment. The mental wellness act 1983 is a substantial framework for anyone who is workings in spite of appearance care and working with people with a mental health check up on. This initiative provides a logical order which stabilities both the law and legal principles in order for mental health role players to come to a settled judgement about someones health. Thi s act was amended again in 2007 because in that location was various reports in which abuse and neglect was surmise and and so found out in some mental health institutions, which are branded with discrimination.The completely reason that this act was amended was to protect the service users from abuse and discrimination by providing a straight-forward guideline in which all health care professionals must follow to protect the patients from discrimination. The importance of this act is to land up up that people are receiving an effective service with boundaries and laws to protect the individuals vulnerability and maximising their rubber eraser and well-being and most cardinally protecting them from any harm. Since the act was amended at that place has been a solid reduction in the amount of cases that have been reported of abuse and any death.Patients have been treated with more respect and dignity and these patients have flat the opportunity not to be discriminated as the act now instructs how and what measures would be taken to protect a service user. However despite this piece of legislation the major issue of perception and preconception against mentally ill patients still exists. This act however does not surmount any discrimination within the community but still covers it when admitted into hospital. This also connects to the equality act 2010 as it makes it illegal to discriminate directly or indirectly against someone with a mental health condition within public services and functions, access to any premises,work, education, associations, and finally transport.D1For this task, I am going to respect the success of the recent initiative in promoting anti-discriminatory institutionalize.I am going to evaluate the mental health act 1983 and how the acts initiatives promotes anti-discriminatory hold and I am also going to compare the amended version in 2007 and how this has promoted anti-discriminatory practice and how it has improved peop les lives. The mental health act was created in 1983 to make society as fair as possible but it also has had some cast out areas. The act says about the removal of people with mental disorders. This could be seen as discrimination e.g. marginalisation because you would be making someone intent isolated from society and feel as if they could not be part of that certain part of the community. This act is purely to help and protect those with mental health issues and safeguard those some them. This act was updated from 2001 and finalised in 2007 because the language used in the act was changed. Also issues, treatments on different conditions and treatment tests and condition tests were altered additionally.The language was changed in the act because it therefore more politically more prepare as no one likes the idea of being removed from society. The aim of the act in 2007 is to leap people more choice in animateness, to receive fair and equal opportunities so that they backside track dash off a healthy lifestyle and have a good life with a career etc. Article 4 of the act intrigues to me because of the language used to change the accompaniment that it could come across as discrimination.Impairment in opposite news programs means abnormality which could come across as warring to those who suffer with psychological disorders, this then would present them as lesser and therefore more likely to harm comments. However the word impairment implies that someone isnt able to lead a normal life and in some cases that is untrue. Recently the government has washstandvassed through radio and posters to convince the public that there is cipher wrong with having any psychological disorders, and these people shouldnt be marginalised. Some people use the word mental disorder when describing someone with a mental health problem because it again leads these people tobe marginalised and have prejudice horizons about them all the time. Additionally, these certain pe ople do have amazing talents, have successful lives and have a normal life because their society has been taught different. The main changes in 2007 was the language and format of the ac and how procedures and treatment are carried out. An example of this would be that the words psychiatric disorder, mental affection = and mental impairment were exchanged with mental illness. This was done because then it doesnt categorise each person into a different group and it being changed to mental illness it applies to all disabilities and disorders of the mind. They have also created new roles of nurses, psychologists and other health professionals to become an approved mental health professional (AMHP).This is when people are specifically trained in many different ways to promote anti-discriminatory practice. The amendments made in 2007 were earlier sup graveld to change the entire 1983 act but members of parliament voted against this because the new amendments freed the treatability test to allow clinicians to access individuals appropriately and professionally before creating the correct treatment and care. Even though the act has been prosperous in some ways there have been certain issues and provocative issues on why the entire act wasnt improved or why it needed to be improved. Not only was that but in 1983, the government unsuccessful to reach their tar demoralises regarding treatment, equality in society and diversity. It also miscarried to reduce the amount of individuals damage with mental disorders.P5For this task, I will describe at least five ways in which anti-discriminatory practice is promoted in health and social care settings. In a health and social care setting, for example, the nursing home I work in (for confidential reasons I postnot reveal the name of it), there are various ways in which anti-discriminatory practice is promoted.The five ways areThere is a contour of menus and food available for anyoneThere is wheelchair access all-round th e homeThere is diverse staffWe do not discriminateWe always promote an individuals rights.The chef and kitchen staff always have the thought of the religious beliefs and health of the residents when preparing breakfast/lunch/dinner/snack for them. For example, in the nursing home I work in, the majority of residents are of Jewish belief, but there are also Catholics. So if there was roast pork on the menu for lunch, the Jewish residents could have the choice to pick and choose what they would deficiency for lunch. With this menu they could have roast chicken or beef, or even something completely different like a sandwich or an omelette. The kitchen staff think about a residents health condition as well because e.g. there is a man in my nursing home that cannot remonstrate proper food and is also diabetic. For his lunch (if it was roast pork again), they could have a minced dinner with everything else (e.g. vegetables/potatoes). hence for his dessert, he could choose between the d iabetic pudding, which is a baked apple, diabetic ice cream, or a yogurt. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because they always think about the residents before preparing anything for them which includes their diet.There is wheelchair access end-to-end the whole home. The doors have been especially wide to fit wide wheelchairs, there are stair lifts for anyone who cannot paseo down them or need the help of the wheelchair to get them down. There is always the option of going down in our lift which goes to each floor of the home. There is also ramps coming into and out of the home so it doesnt stop anyone from not coming in. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we dont stop anyone from not coming in for going from a to b. There is a variety of staff working within the nursing home I work in. The majority of the staff would be eastern European girls, but there is also a lot of African/West Indian/Caribbean staff within my work. Additionally there are a lot of Asian men and women working in the home and surprisingly there are 3 people who are fully British that work in our home, whether be in power in the home, in the caring side and the kitchen side.I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because our home doesnt reject someone from being part of our little family because we believe we cant stop someone from being part of our family (within reason). In my nursing home, we always ensure that we treat people in a respective way. Some behaviour from a carer or a nurse could bemisunderstood and seen as if they are patronising the resident because of a condition they may have. Always as a carer/nurse one of my roles would be to make any judgement on what may or may not be hap. I have to always listen to the patient or service user if there is any sort of problem and see how a problem that could be happening could be resolved, then I would have to take appropriate action and monitor the stake carefully.I believ e this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we do not want to be dis-respectful to anyone who is using our service. Promoting an individuals rights can be met in many different ways such as if a person has any learning or speaking difficulties, it would be my responsibility or someone in powers responsibility to get help for the service user and this could mean getting an advocate to help the resident portray what they treasured to say. All service users should be made to feel as if they are save as important as everyone else in the home and be treated with the same amount of respect. I believe this promotes anti-discriminatory practice because we do not stop anyone from being what they want or getting what they want plainly because they have a learning/speaking difficulties or even walking difficulties.M3 and D2For this task, I will reason at least three difficulties that may arise when implementing anti-discriminatory practice in health and social care settings and al so to justify how to overcome these difficulties. I will be putting M3 and D2 together as they are similar in task targets.The three difficulties I will be talking about will be locality, discrimination, and socialisation.Locality could be a difficulty when implementing anti-discriminatory practice because for example in a GPs surgery, and if the majority of the bear upons were white, this would pose a problem as if there was a black patient they could feel uninvolved and that they are not equal as the surgery is not promoting that all races are equal by not employing doctors from other ethnic backgrounds. This difficulty could be easily overcome by employing other GPs from other ethnic backgrounds so that all the races feel includedand equal.To also overcome this, is to give more staff facts of life to the staff, to make sure that they would know how to deal with other people from other ethnic backgrounds. This therefore makes patients feel as if they are not being discriminated against. Staff training is also more effective that presenting posters that say that all patients all equal because although is shows that for example both sexes are equal, the surgery isnt actually applying that into their work. Furthermore, staff training will propose a chance to discuss possible inequalities whereas posters would offer that option and opinion.Another difficulty that could come up when implementing anti-discriminatory practice is a health status of someone. For example, this could be a difficulty in a hospital because if a patient is in perturb and shouting racial abuse at another(prenominal) patient, this could either be the reason of their pain and that they are angry and have to take their crossness out on a complete stranger. This could pose as a problem as the other patient who is being discriminated against and furthermore being denied of their rights because of their race.This could be overcome again by staff training, this would be teaching nurses and do ctors how to neutralize a situation of anger and how they could calm down a patient easily, so they would stop being racially abusive to the other patient and this therefore would stop the patient from being discriminated against as the abuse would have been stopped. Again posters would not be effective enough to stop any racial abuse as the patients would not pay enough attention to them. So therefore staff would then have to obstruct the situation and this then would be operative and be more probable to stop the judgement.Socialisation is another difficulty in implementing anti-discriminatory practice especially in health and social care setting. For example, in a doctors surgery if a young adult was brought up to think that men and women were not equal in their society they would think this is normal whereas the society they live in is completely different. For instance, in a doctors surgery, if a woman was brought up to think that women are not equal to men and men are better. T hen if she came into her GP surgery and got the last appointment of the day, and there was a man by and by her wanting anappointment, she would then swap her appointment for another day even if she has a serious condition, just because she thought the man deserved it better than her. This therefor would mean that the women would have to suspend her appointment to another day, therefore her illness would deteriorate and could become even more ill than she needed to be just because she gave her appointment away to the man just because he apparently has the right to have it because of his gender.Then when she does go to the doctor, the doctor would say to her she should have come to them earlier when her illness was in the earlier stages as it would be easier to be dealt with. To overcome this difficulty, the doctors surgery should employ more staff so that there are other appointments available. Again the staff should be trained more to advise the patients that their men and women ar e equal and have the same rights as everyone. This patient needs to know that she has the same opportunities as men and this problem doesnt need to prevent her from getting her appointment again or another situation in which she thinks that men are better than her and have all the advantages over her. For this case, to overcome this, the staff would just have to positively promote her rights and staff training would be more advantageous as they can address her problem specifically whereas any posters or leaflets wouldnt be paid attention to as much as someone saying it to her.For example, in a residential nursing home, if a young-bearing(prenominal) care worker (and she was brought up to think that men were more important than women) was working on a floor which had 10 rooms all of which are occupied by residents. 7 of these residents are women like the care worker herself and the other 3 were male. It was then noticed that this care worker was putting the males priorities forth o f the womens, this is the wrong thing to do especially in a care home, just because she was brought up to think that men come always before women. This care worker is then not promoting anit-discriminatory practice, in fact she is discriminating against the women who live in the home.If this was to happen and action would need to be taken immediately because she is conjectural to treat everyone equally and not as if one person is better than another. This is a problem when implementing anti-discriminatory practice because she is discriminating, however there is ways in which this problem could be overcome. There are two transparent ways in which gender discrimination can be overcome in this sort of consideration 1. You first could give a verbal orwritten warning to the female care worker because they have done something against the rules of their job and of which they cannot break.This is a good way in which discriminatory practice can be overcome because this gives the fear to t hat care worker that if they do it again they could lose their job receivable to putting the males priorities in front of the womens. 2. Second of all, you could give that care worker a training session on ant-discriminatory practice and how to stop discriminatory practice. This would be an effective way to overcome discriminatory practice because it teaches the individual how to behave in their job and to treat everyone as equals and not to favourite some people over others.ReferencesHealth & Social Care Book 1 Level 3 BTEC National series editors Beryl Stretch and Mary WhitehouseHealth & Social Care (Adults)- 3rd edition Level 3 parchment By Yvonne Nolan

Reificaition Case Essay

Wikipedia defines reification as (Lat. res involvement + facere to make) n. the gaminging of something into a thing or object the error which consists in treating as a thing something which is not one. Hypostatization, treating an abstract entity as if it were concrete, is a case in point.In redness terms, it is the consideration of a humans being as a physical object, deprived of subjectivity. According to Marxists, this is one of the pitfalls of the capitalist outline because in much(prenominal) a system the laborers and their work out are not valued to their proper extent. Their work is do by as a trade good and is valued according to the unpredictable needs of the market. This concept is closely tied to the Marxist idea of commodity fetishism which Wikipedia describes as an inauthentic state of social relations, said to arise in complex capitalist market systems, where social relationships are confused with their medium, the commodity.Marxist writer, Georg Lukcs, writes thusThe transformation of the commodity relation into a thing of ghostly objectivity pecknot there ore content itself with the reduction of all objects for the comfort of human needs to commodities. It stamps its imprint upon the whole consciousness of man his qualities an abilities are no longer an thorough par of his personality, they are things which he can own or dispose of like the various objects of the remote world.Simply put, Marxists criticize capitalist systems for stripping the human person of his social nature. He is transformed into a commodity or a product. Ones labor is transformed into money which is in turn used to purchase the products of other peoples labor. Although this may facilitate the exchange of goods, the problem of the system lies in the fact that because of this abstraction, the use-value (the actual usefulness of the object) is oftentimes totally different from its exchange-value (the value of the object in the marketplace). For example, a person w ho creates a hammer (which has a variety of uses) ordain be paid less(prenominal) than a person who makes jewelry (an object which has less use than a hammer). The value given to the work of the laborer is incommensurate to the work and effort that he made in order to produce the good.How can reification be avoided?Marxist measures against reification have proven themselves to be ineffective (including complete encounter over the market and standardization of wages). This is because these measures tend to remove the element of competition from the formula, thus, causing production to patronize instead.An alternative mode by which reification is avoided is through the respect of human rights. According to John Locke, apiece person has the natural right to life, liberty and estate which mustiness be protected by the government. These rights must ensure that each person shall be given his due. By treating persons as individuals with human rights and dignity, people will be treated as an end and never as a means. The theory of human rights has been upheld and accredited by most of the world and are embodied in international instruments and conventions, most notable is the commonplace Declaration of Human Rights.In the field of labor and employment, modern societies have integrated this idea of human dignity by setting minimum standards and conditions to be strictly followed by employers under the pain of capture sanctions should they be defied. For example, there could be a law saying that any employee who works beyond octet hours in a single day shall be given additional overtime pay. Another authority would be a law that would lay down a minimum wage based on the living standards and conditions of the locality where the worker belongs.By recognizing the human dignity of every person, reification is completely eradication because persons are then given the respect they deserve. They are no longer treated as cogs in the machinery of production but are c onsidered partners in the enterprise. By holding that each person deserves to be treated with dignity, they are esteemed as subjects never objects, and will be given their due.BibliographyLukcs, Georg. 1967. History & Class Consciousness. Translated by Andy Blunden. Merlin Press.Smith, John, Bob Snider, and Diane Hill. 2005. A study of physics. New York McGraw Hill.Wikipedia. 2006. Commodity fetishism. Wikipedia.http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_fetishism.Ashcraft, Richard. 1986. Revolutionary Politics and Lockes cardinal Treatises of Government.Princeton Princeton University Press.Wikipedia. 2006. Georg Lukcs. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Luk%C3%A1cs.Wikipedia. 2006. Human Rights. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights.Wikipedia. 2006. John Locke. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_locke.Wikipedia. 2006. Reification. Wikipedia. http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reification.